Botanical nomenclature_ICN for algae, fungi and plants

Understanding the nomenclature rules and regulations

1. Gaspard Bauhin (1560 - 1624 A.D.), a Swiss botanist, was the first taxonomist to suggest the binomial system of nomenclature. He used the binomial nomenclature in his books Prodromus Theatri Botanici (1620) and ‘Penax Theatri Botanici’ (1623). Later on the system was developed by Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) by naming all known species of plants in his book ‘Species Plantarum’ published in 1753. This established the usage of binomial nomenclature for naming species.

2. PLANT NOMENCLATURE WHAT IS NOMENCLATURE? ASSIGNMENT OF PLANT NAMES UTILIZING A FORMAL SYSTEM. WHAT IS THE NAME OF THE WORK PROVIDING THE RULES AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PLANT NOMENCLATURE? INTERNATIONAL CODE OF NOMENCLATURE FOR ALGAE, FUNGI, AND PLANTS ( ICN ) (FORMERLY INTERNATIONAL CODE OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE, ICBN ) WHAT ORGANISMS ARE COVERED BY THE ICN? LAND PLANTS, "ALGAE," AND FUNGI (+SLIME MOLDS, WATER MOLDS)

3. WHAT ARE TWO BASIC ACTIVITIES GOVERNED BY THE ICN? 1) NAMING NEW TAXA 2) DETERMINING THE CORRECT NAME FOR PREVIOUSLY NAMED TAXA (ALTERED IN SOME WAY)

4. LEGITIMATE NAMES IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE RULES OF THE ICN Illegitimate Names violate one or more rules of the ICN What are legitimate and illegitimate names?

5. MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA - JULY 2011. LAST HELD IN SHENZHEN, CHINA, 23–29 JULY 2017 . NEXT IN – 2023: RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL IBC 2023 IS GOING TO BE IN RIO DE JANEIRO, BRAZIL BUT THE VENUE OF THE EVENT HASN’T BEEN DETERMINED YET. IBC 2023  IS ACTUALLY EXCITING CONGRESS WHICH WILL COVER THE TOPICS OF AGRICULTURE, ECOLOGY, HORTICULTURE, MYCOLOGY, BOTANICS, BIOGEOGRAPHY, NEOTROPICAL VEGETATION, TROPICAL FORESTS AND NEOTROPICAL PALEOBOTANY AND FAR MORE. How are changes to the ICN made? International Botanical Congress

6. International Botanical Congress  ( IBC ) is an international meeting of botanists in all scientific fields, authorized by the  International Association of Botanical and Mycological Societies  ( IABMS ) and held every six years, with the location rotating between different continents. 

7. WHAT ARE THE PRINCIPLES OF PLANT NOMENCLATURE? 1) BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE IS INDEPENDENT OF ZOOLOGICAL AND BACTERIOLOGICAL NOMENCLATURE . 2) THE APPLICATION OF BOTANICAL NAMES IS DETERMINED BY MEANS OF NOMENCLATURAL TYPES . 3) BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE IS BASED UPON PRIORITY OF PUBLICATION .

8. WHAT ARE THE PRINCIPLES OF PLANT NOMENCLATURE? 4) EACH TAXON OF A PARTICULAR CIRCUMSCRIPTION, POSITION, AND RANK CAN HAVE ONLY ONE CORRECT NAME , THE EARLIEST IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE RULES. [= FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE !] 5) SCIENTIFIC NAMES ARE TREATED AS LATIN . 6) THE RULES AND REGULATIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CODE OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE ARE RETROACTIVE .

9. WHAT ARE THE RULES VS. REGULATIONS OF THE ICN? RULES = REQUIRED RECOMMENDATIONS = NOT REQUIRED

10. WHAT IS A SCIENTIFIC NAME? = THE NAMES ASSIGNED BY THE RULES OF THE ICN IN LATIN LANGUAGE E.G., MALPIGHIA , ALLIACEAE, ZINGIBERALES

11. WHO FIRST CONSISTENTLY USED BINOMIALS? BINOMIAL = “TWO NAMES” E.G., F OR QUERCUS DUMOSA NUTTALL Quercus = genus name (capitalized) dumosa = specific epithet (not capitalized) Quercus dumosa = species name Nuttall = author Linnaeus What is the correct form of binomials?

12. QUERCUS DUMOSA NUTTALL Scientific Names usually italicized or underlined: Quercus dumosa Nuttall Scientific Names may be bolded:

13. NAME THE REASONS THAT COMMON NAMES ARE DISADVANTAGEOUS? ONLY SCIENTIFIC NAMES ARE UNIVERSAL, USED THE SAME WORLD-WIDE; E.G., IPOMOEA -WOODBINE, MORNING GLORY 2) COMMON NAMES ARE NOT CONSISTENT. A) A TAXON MAY HAVE MORE THAN ONE COMMON NAME (E.G., CHAMISE, GREASEWOOD FOR ADENOSTOMA FASCICULATUM ). B) ONE COMMON NAME MAY REFER TO MORE THAN ONE TAXON (E.G., ”HEMLOCK” FOR BOTH TSUGA AND FOR CONIUM MACULATUM ). 3) COMMON NAMES TELL NOTHING ABOUT RANK; SCIENTIFIC NAMES DO. 4) MANY, IF NOT MOST, ORGANISMS HAVE NO COMMON NAME IN ANY LANGUAGE.

14. WHAT IS RANK? HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION IN WHICH A HIGHER RANK IS INCLUSIVE OF ALL LOWER RANKS. What is position? Placement as a member of a taxon of the next higher rank E.g., Aster & Rosa of same rank (genus) but different positions (Asteraceae & Rosaceae)

15. WHAT ARE THE RANKS? KINGDOM (VARIOUS) PLANTAE PHYLUM [ DIVISION ] -PHYTA MAGNOLIOPHYTA SUBPHYLUM [SUBDIVISION] -PHYTINA MAGNOLIOPHYTINA CLASS -OPSIDA MAGNOLIOPSIDA SUBCLASS -IDAE ASTERIDAE SUPERORDER -ANAE, [-IFLORAE] ASTERANAE ORDER -ALES ASTERALES SUBORDER -INEAE ASTERINEAE FAMILY -ACEAE ASTERACEAE SUBFAMILY -OIDEAE ASTEROIDEAE TRIBE -EAE HELIANTHEAE SUBTRIBE -INAE HELIANTHINAE GENUS (VARIOUS) HELIANTHUS SUBGENUS (VARIOUS) HELIANTHUS SECTION (VARIOUS) HELIANTHUS SPECIES (VARIOUS) HELIANTHUS ANNUUS SUBSPECIES (VARIOUS) HELIANTHUS ANNUUS SSP. ANNUUS VARIETY (VARIOUS) HELIANTHUS ANNUUS VAR. ANNUUS

16. MAJOR RANK ENDINGS: ORDER ALES ASTERALES FAMILY -ACEAE ASTERACEAE SUBFAMILY -OIDEAE ASTEROIDEAE TRIBE -EAE -ALES HELIANTHEAE SUBTRIBE -INAE HELIANTHINAE GENUS (VARIOUS) HELIANTHUS SUBGENUS (VARIOUS) HELIANTHUS SECTION (VARIOUS) HELIANTHUS SPECIES (VARIOUS) HELIANTHUS ANNUUS SUBSPECIES (VARIOUS) HELIANTHUS ANNUUS SSP. ANNUUS VARIETY (VARIOUS) HELIANTHUS ANNUUS VAR. ANNUUS

17. WHAT IS THE RANK OF: CONOSTYLIDOIDEAE subfamily Zygophyllaceae family Haemodoreae tribe Hamamelidae subclass Linnaea borealis var. longiflora variety Liliopsida class Magnoliophyta phylum Rosales order Tribonanthes genus Tribonanthes variegata species Phlebocarya ciliata subsp. pilosissima subspecies

18. ALTERNATE FAMILY/SUBFAMILY NAMES APIACEAE = Umbelliferae Arecaceae = Palmae Asteraceae = Compositae Brassicaceae = Cruciferae Fabaceae = Leguminosae Faboideae = Papilionoideae Clusiaceae = Guttiferae Lamiaceae = Labiatae Poaceae = Gramineae

19. WHAT IS A TERNARY NAME? SUBSPECIES OR VARIETY NAME (BOTH ARE INFRASPECIFIC NAMES ) E.G., TOXICODENDRON RADICANS SUBSP. DIVERSILOBUM ( DIVERSILOBUM = SUBSPECIFIC EPITHET ) BRICKELLIA ARGUTA VAR. ODONTOLEPIS ( ODONTOLEPIS = VARIETAL EPITHET )

20. AUTHORSHIP? THE NAME OF THE PERSON WHO FIRST VALIDLY PUBLISHED THE NAME

21. E.G., ROSACEAE JUSSIEU CONOSTYLIDEAE LINDLEY MOHAVEA A. GRAY MOHAVEA CONFERTIFLORA (A. DC.) A. HELLER MONARDELLA LINOIDES A. GRAY SSP. ERECTA (ABRAMS) ELVIN & A.C. SANDERS AUTHOR NAMES OFTEN ABBREVIATED: Haemodoraceae R. Br. (for Robert Brown) Liquidambar styraciflua L. (for C. Linnaeus) CHECK http://www.ipni.org (standardized)

22. HOW TO LEARN SCIENTIFIC NAMES: 1) SYLLABIZE AND ACCENT. 2) USE MNEMONIC DEVICES. 3) LEARN THE ETYMOLOGY (MEANING). 4) PRACTICE AND REVIEW: ORAL AND WRITTEN RECITATION.

23. HERBARIUM SPECIMEN (USU.) PERMANENTLY ASSOCIATED WITH A NAME. HOLOTYPE - PRIMARY SPECIMEN UPON WHICH A NAME IS BASED, DESIGNATED AT THE TIME OF PUBLICATION. ISOTYPE - DUPLICATE OF THE HOLOTYPE, COLLECTED AT THE SAME TIME BY THE SAME PERSON FROM THE SAME PLACE. LECTOTYPE - SELECTED FROM THE ORIGINAL MATERIAL TO SERVE AS THE TYPE WHEN HOLOTYPE NOT AVAILABLE. NEOTYPE - SPECIMEN DERIVED FROM A NON-ORIGINAL COLLECTION THAT IS SELECTED TO SERVE AS THE TYPE. What is a nomenclature type?

24. TYPES EXIST FOR ALL RANKS UP TO FAMILY A SPECIMEN DESCRIBED BY LINNAEUS IS THE TYPE FOR BORAGO OFFICINALIS L. BORAGO OFFICINALIS L. IS THE TYPE FOR THE GENUS BORAGO L. THE GENUS BORAGO L. IS THE TYPE FOR THE FAMILY BORAGINACEAE JUSSIEU Taxa at which ranks have types?

25. What is a priority of publication? When and with what publication begin? Nomina familiarum conservanda Nomina generica conservanda et rejicienda Nomina species conservanda Species Plantarum by Linnaeus in 1753 (with exceptions) Name published first is the legitimate one Adverse consequences? How to correct?

26. Two reasons for name change? 1) Name contrary to the rules (illegitimate). 2) Additional research has changed definition and delimitation of a taxon.

27. NEW Research: Phylogenetic studies may demonstrate at taxon to be non-monophyletic

28. E.g., Lotus s.l. is not monophyletic

29. Four major ways that names are changed? United Divided Changed in rank Changed in Position

30. NAMES MAY BE UNITED : E.G., KRYNITZKIA AND CRYPTANTHA (BORAGINACEAE) HAVE BEEN UNITED INTO ONE GENUS, CRYPTANTHA Name changes:

31. Solution 1: Unite as a monophyletic group: Lotus s.l. Lotus s.l.

32. NAME MAY BE DIVIDED : E.G., RHUS (ANACARDIACEAE) SPLIT INTO MALOSMA , RHUS , AND TOXICODENDRON Name changes:

33. Type Acmispon Hosackia Lotus s.s. Solution 2: Split into separate monophyletic groups

34. NAME MAY BE CHANGED IN POSITION : E.G., SEDUM VARIEGATA TRANSFERRED TO THE GENUS DUDLEYA , THE NEW SPECIES DUDLEYA VARIEGATA ; Name changes:

35. NAME MAY BE CHANGED IN RANK : E.G., LARREA DIVARICATA SSP. TRIDENTATA CHANGED TO RANK OF SPECIES: LARREA TRIDENTATA Name changes:

36. WHAT IS A BASIONYM? THE “NAME BEARING” NAME. THE ORIGINAL (POSSIBLY NOW REJECTED) NAME, PART OF WHICH (THE EPITHET) HAS BEEN USED IN A NEW COMBINATION. Person(s) who named basionym. Retained! Author(s) in parentheses?

37. BASIONYM E.G., SEDUM VARIEGATA S. WATSON WAS TRANSFERRED TO THE GENUS DUDLEYA BY MORAN, NEW SPECIES NAME IS: DUDLEYA VARIEGATA (S. WATSON) MORAN [NOTE: SEDUM VARIEGATA S. WATSON IS THE BASIONYM] E.G., MUHLENBERGIA SHEPHERDII (VASEY) SWALLEN TRANSFERRED TO BLEPHARONEURON BY P. M. PETERSON & ANNABLE, NEW NAME: BLEPHARONEURON SHEPHERDII (VASEY) P. M. PETERSON & ANNABLE [ SPOROBOLUS SHEPHERDII VASEY, BULL. TORREY BOT. CLUB 14: 8. 1887] (= BASIONYM)

38. FIND THE ANSWER When the genus of grass  Panicum dactylon  L. was moved to  Cynodon by Pers . , what is the new name? What is the basionym?  

39. New Name: Cynodon dactylon  (L.) Pers. Basionym: Panicum dactylon  L.

40. WHAT IS AN AUTONYM? AUTOMATICALLY CREATED NAME FOR INFRAFAMILIAL, INFRAGENERIC, AND INFRASPECIFIC TAXA. CREATED WHEN TAXA ARE DIVIDED. ASSIGNED BASED ON PRIORITY OF PUBLICATION. AUTONYMS HAVE NO AUTHORS.

41. AUTONYMS: E.G., LOTUS STIPULARIS (BENTH.) GREENE SPLIT BY ISELY INTO 2 VARIETIES: LOTUS STIPULARIS (BENTH.) GREENE VAR. OTTLEYI ISELY LOTUS STIPULARIS (BENTH.) GREENE VAR. STIPULARIS LATER, GENUS HOSACKIA ACCEPTED: HOSACKIA STIPULARIS BENTH. VAR. OTTLEYI (ISELY) BROUILLET HOSACKIA STIPULARIS BENTH. VAR. STIPULARIS

42. AUTONYMS: FAMILY EUPHORBIACEAE DIVIDED INTO SUBFAMILIES: EUPHORBIOIDEAE (THE AUTONYM) MUST BE ONE OF THEM GENUS CEANOTHUS SPLIT INTO TWO SUBGENERA: SUBGENUS CEANOTHUS SUBGENUS CERASTES (SUBGENUS CEANOTHUS CONTAINS TYPE SPECIES FOR THE GENUS.)

43. WHAT ARE THE MAIN CRITERIA OF VALID PUBLICATION ? 1) NAME MUST BE EFFECTIVELY PUBLISHED = IN A JOURNAL GENERALLY AVAILABLE TO BOTANISTS AS OF 1 JAN 2012: ELECTRONIC MATERIAL PUBLISHED ONLINE IN PORTABLE DOCUMENT FORMAT (PDF) WITH AN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD SERIAL NUMBER (ISSN) OR AN INTERNATIONAL STANDARD BOOK NUMBER (ISBN) WILL CONSTITUTE EFFECTIVE PUBLICATION

44. WHAT ARE THE MAIN CRITERIA OF VALID PUBLICATION ? 2) NAME MUST BE PUBLISHED IN THE CORRECT FORM , PROPERLY LATINIZED WITH THE CORRECT RANK ENDING. 3) NAME MUST BE PUBLISHED WITH A LATIN DESCRIPTION OR DIAGNOSIS OR WITH A REFERENCE TO SUCH. [VERNACULAR DESCRIPTION TYPICALLY INCLUDED.] AS OF 1 JAN 2012: A DESCRIPTION OR DIAGNOSIS MAY BE IN EITHER LATIN OR ENGLISH.

45. WHAT ARE THE MAIN CRITERIA OF VALID PUBLICATION ? 4) RANK MUST BE INDICATED (E.G., “SP. NOV.,” “SUBSP. NOV.,” OR “VAR. NOV.”) 5) NOMENCLATURAL TYPE MUST BE INDICATED (FOR GENUS AND BELOW).

46. WHAT IS A SYNONYM? = A REJECTED NAME, BY A PARTICULAR AUTHOR OR AUTHORS . SYNONYMS USU. INDICATED IN BRACKETS ; E.G., MALOSMA LAURINA (NUTT.) ABRAMS [ RHUS LAURINA NUTT.] 1) because illegitimate. 2) because of taxonomic judgement. Why rejected?

47. TWO TYPES OF SYNONYMS: E.G., CRYPTANTHA DECIPIENS (M. E. JONES) A. HELLER [ KRYNITZKIA DECIPIENS M. E. JONES] 1) Homotypic (nomenclatural) – based on the same type specimen E.g., Aesculus L. (1753) [ Pavia Mill. (1754)] E.g., Cryptantha mohavensis (Greene) Greene (1887) [ Cryptantha fallax Greene (1902)] 1) Heterotypic (taxonomic) – based on a different type specimen

48. WHAT IS A CORRECT NAME? A LEGITIMATE (AND THEREFORE VALIDLY PUBLISHED) NAME THAT IS ACCEPTED BY A PARTICULAR AUTHOR OR AUTHORS . EACH TAXON CAN HAVE ONLY ONE CORRECT NAME. How can a name be legitimate but not correct? There may be 2 (or more) alternative, legitimate names. Only one of these can be correct (in any given work).

49. MALACOTHRIX INCANA (NUTT.) TORREY & A. GRAY [ MALACOMERIS INCANUS NUTT.] (=BASIONYM, HOMOTYPIC SYNONYM) Porophyllum gracile Benth. [ P. caesium Greene; P. vaseyi Greene] (=heterotypic synonyms) Gilia diegensis (Munz) A. D. & V. E. Grant [ Gilia inconspicua (Sm.) Sweet var. diegensis Munz] (=basionym, homotypic synonym)

50. WHAT IS A HOMONYM? = SYNONYM IDENTICAL TO ACCEPTED, CORRECT NAME. E.G.: ERITRICHIUM HISPIDUM PHILIPPI, 1860 [ ERITRICHIUM HISPIDUM BUCKLEY,1862 ] E.G., PIPTOCALYX BENTHAM (TRIMENIACEAE), 1870 [ PIPTOCALYX TORREY, 1874] = binomial in which genus and specific epithets are identical in spelling. Tautonyms are not permitted by the ICN! E.g., Helianthus helianthus would be a tautonym and illegitimate. Ziziphus zizyphus (L.) H. Karst. (Jujube) is not a tautonym and is permitted. What is a tautonym?

51. ABBREVIATIONS: " IN " = "IN THE PUBLICATION OF” E.G., ARABIS SPARSIFLORA NUTT. IN T. & G. MAY BE ABBREV: ARABIS SPARSIFLORA NUTT. " EX " = "VALIDLY PUBLISHED BY.” E.G., MICROSERIS ELEGANS GREENE EX A. GRAY MAY BE ABBREV.: MICROSERIS ELEGANS A. GRAY.

52. ABBREVIATIONS: S.L. ( SENSU LATO ) MEANS “IN THE BROAD SENSE” S.S. OR S. STR. ( SENSU STRICTO ) MEANS “IN THE NARROW SENSE” E.G., BORAGINACEAE S.L. INCLUDES THE FAMILIES HYDROPHYLLACEAE, EHRETIACEAE, HELIOTROPACEAE, CORDIACEAE, AND OTHERS BORAGINACEAE S.S. DOES NOT (THOSE FAMILIES ARE SEPARATE)

53. ABBREVIATIONS " X " = A HYBRID. E.G., SALVIA X PALMERI (A. GRAY) GREENE = S. APIANA X S. CLEVELANDII . " SP. NOV. " = SPECIES NOVUM E.G., " ERYNGIUM PENDLETONENSE SP. NOV." " CF. " = CONFER , MEANING "COMPARE.” E.G., " CALYPTRIDIUM CF. MONANDRUM ” (MEANING CHECK THIS SPECIMENS OF SPECIES FOR CONFIRMATION) AFF. ( AFFINE ) MEANS “RELATED TO” E.G., CRYPTANTHA AFF. WIGGINSII (MEANING SOMETHING DIFFERENT BUT A CLOSE RELATIVE TO THIS SPECIES)

54. AFF. ( AFFINE ) MEANS “RELATED TO” AUCT. NON ( AUCTORUM NON ) MEANS “NOT OF THESE AUTHORS,” REFERRING TO A “MISAPPLIED” NAME, SUCH THAT THE TYPE SPECIMEN OF THE NAME DOES NOT FALL WITHIN THE CIRCUMSCRIPTION OF THE TAXON BEING REFERRED TO BY THAT NAME CF. ( CONFER ) MEANS “COMPARE TO” COMB. NOV. ( COMBINATIO NOVA ) MEANS A NEW NOMENCLATURAL COMBINATION EMEND. ( EMENDATIO ) MEANS A CORRECTION OR AMENDMENT ET IS LATIN FOR “AND” EX IS LATIN FOR “FROM,” MEANING VALIDLY PUBLISHED BY GEN. NOV. ( GENUS NOVUM ) MEANS A NEW GENUS IN IS LATIN FOR “IN,” MEANING IN THE PUBLICATION OF INED. (INEDITUS) MEANS NOT VALIDLY PUBLISHED NOM. CONS. ( NOMEN CONSERVANDUM ) MEANS A CONSERVED NAME NOM. NOV. ( NOMEN NOVUM ) MEANS A NEW NAME, E.G., PROPOSED AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR AN OLDER NAME (E.G., AN ILLEGITIMATE HOMONYM, IN WHICH CASE THE OLDER NAME SERVES AS THE TYPE FOR THE NEW ONE) NOM. NUD. ( NOMEN NUDUM ) MEANS PUBLISHED WITHOUT A DESCRIPTION OR DIAGNOSIS, MAKING THE NAME INVALID NON IS LATIN FOR “NOT” N. V. ( NON VISUS ) IS LATIN FOR “NOT SEEN,” TYPICALLY MEANING THAT AUTHORS DID NOT SEE A SPECIMEN, SUCH AS A TYPE. ORTH. CONS. ( ORTHOGRAPHIA CONSERVANDA ) MEANS A CONSERVED SPELLING S.L. ( SENSU LATO ) MEANS “IN THE BROAD SENSE” S.S. OR S.STR. ( SENSU STRICTO ) MEANS “IN THE NARROW SENSE” SP. NOV. ( SPECIES NOVA ) MEANS A NEW SPECIES STAT. NOV. ( STATUS NOVUS ) MEANS A CHANGE IN RANK, E.G., ELEVATING A VARIETAL NAME TO SPECIFIC STATUS TYP. CONS. ( TYPUS CONSERVANDUS ) MEANS A CONSERVED TYPE SPECIMEN TYP. DES. ( TYPUS DESIGNATUS ) MEANS THE DESIGNATION OF A TYPE SPECIMEN VIDE ( VIDEO ) MEANS TO CITE A REFERENCE X INDICATES A HYBRID ! (SYMBOL FOR VIDI , “I HAVE SEEN IT”) CAN MEAN A) A CONFIRMATION OF A NAME, AS ON AN ANNOTATION LABEL AGREEING WITH THE NAME ON THE ORIGINAL HERBARIUM LABEL; OR B) INDICATION THAT A SPECIMEN (USUALLY A TYPE) HAS BEEN SEEN BY THE AUTHOR IN A PUBLICATION = A HETEROTYPIC SYNONYM, BASED ON A DIFFERENT TYPE = A HOMOTYPIC SYNONYM, BASED ON THE SAME TYPE

55. INDEPENDENCE OF BOTANICAL NOMENCLATURE SAME NAMES CAN EXIST IN BOTANICAL AND ZOOLOGICAL CODES. MORUS = MULBERRY AND A BIRD, THE GANNET FICUS = FIGS AND OF A GROUP OF GASTROPODS. BOTH CODES CAN TREAT SAME ORGANISMS, E.G., SOME "PROTISTA". RETROACTIVITY OF THE ICN Ficus Morus