BRAIN ABSCESS.pptx dsgswgewgwhtRGTWGRGRDT

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1. BRAIN ABSCESS

2. INTRODUCTION A  brain abscess  is a pus-filled swelling in the  brain . It usually occurs when bacteria or fungi enter the  brain  tissue after an infection or severe head injury. In the past, a  brain abscess  was almost certainly fatal, but progress in diagnosis and treatment now means a good chance of survival.

3.  Brain abscess is defined as purulence and inflammation in one or more localized regions within the brain parenchyma. OR Brain abscess is a collection of infectious material within the tissue of the brain. DEFINITION

4. ETIOLOGY Ear infection Dental abscess Infection of the paranasal sinuses Infection of the mastoid air cells of the temporal bone Lung, heart, kidney infectious diseases The most common organism is bacterium streptococcus Fungi and parasites

5.   Symptoms may develop slowly, over a period of 2 weeks, or they may develop suddenly. They may include:   Changes in mental status • Confusion   • Decreasing responsiveness   • Drowsiness   • Eventual coma   • Inattention   • Irritability SIGN & SYMPTOMS

6. Slow thought processes Decreased movement and decreased sensation Decreased speech (aphasia) Fever chills and Headache Language difficulties Loss of coordination, loss of muscle function on one side Seizures Stiff neck Vision changes Vomiting

7. DIAGNOSTICAL EVALUATION • A brain and nervous system (neurological) exam will usually show signs of increased intracranial pressure and problems with brain function. • Tests to diagnose a brain abscess may include: • Blood cultures Chest x-ray • Complete blood count (CBC) • Head CT scan • Electroencephalogram (EEG) • MRI of head • A needle biopsy is usually performed to identify the cause of the infection.

8. MANAGEMENT A brain abscess is a medical emergency. Pressure inside the skull may become high enough to be life threatening. Patient need to stay in the hospital until the condition is stable. Some people may need life support. Antibiotics will be prescribed. Antibiotics that work against a number of different bacteria (broad spectrum antibiotics) are most commonly used.

9. Antifungal medications may also be prescribed if the infection is likely caused by a fungus.  Immediate treatment may be needed if an abscess is injuring brain tissue by pressing on it, or there is a large abscess with a large amount of swelling around that it is raising pressure in the brain.

10. Surgery is needed if: • Increased pressure in the brain continues or gets worse • The brain abscess does not get smaller after medication • The brain abscess contains gas (produced by some types of bacteria) • The brain abscess might break open (rupture) SURGICAL MANAGEMENT

11. Surgery consists of opening the skull, exposing the brain, and draining the abscess. Laboratory tests are often done to examine the fluid. This can help identify what is causing the infection, so that more appropriate antibiotics or antifungal drugs can be prescribed. The surgical procedure used depends on the size and depth of the abscess. The entire abscess may be removed (excised) if it is near the surface and enclosed in a sac.

12. Needle aspiration guided by CT or MRI scan may be needed for a deep abscess. During this procedure, medications may be injected directly into the mass. • Certain diuretics and steroids may also be used to reduce swelling of the brain.

13. Complications: Brain damage Meningitis that is severe and life threatening Recurrence of infection Seizures