Breeding_shrimp[1].pptx from west bengal

breeeding of shirmp

1. BREEDING & HATCHERY MANAGEMENT OF SHRIMP Sudip ma Faculty of fishery Sciences AQC-229 Prof. T.K. Ghosh Department of Aquaculture Faculty of fishery Sciences

2. Introduction Among the several shrimp available in Indian coast Penaeus monodon, is the most favoured species. As it has a first growth rate, attains large size & as it is high resistance to handling stress & hence exhibits high survival rate during the culture. It also has high consumer preference in domestic as well as export market thereby fetching maximum unit value. So it is economical for culture purpose.

3. Historical Back ground: Shrimp farming has been practiced for more than a century for food and the livelihood of coastal people in some Asian countries, such as Indonesia, the Philippines, Taiwan Province of China, Thailand and Vietnam. In the year 1988, P. monodon was recognized as the world's leading producer of farm-raised aquatic organisms. The introduction or importation of wild brood stock is commonly practiced among the major producing countries because local supplies are insufficient and domestication technology has not yet been commercially developed. 3

4. Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Crustacea Class: Malacostraca Order: Decapoda Suborder: Dendrobranchiata Family: Penaeidae Genus: Penaeus Species: P. monodon Common name : BLACK TIGER SHRIMP 4 Classification:

5. Distribution The natural distribution is Indo – West - pacific, ranging from the eastern coast of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, as far as South-east Asia, and the Sea of Japan. They can also be found in eastern Australia, and a small number have colonized the Mediterranean Sea via the Suez Canal. Further invasive populations have become established in Hawaii and the Atlantic coast of the USA (Florida, Georgia and South Carolina).

6. P . monodon FARMING IN INDIA Out of the total aquaculture production of 2.2 million tonnes at present, brackishwater shrimp production contributes about 5%. At present about 150,000 ha is under shrimp farming which is about 15% of the total potential brackishwater area available in the country.

7. Species cultured Although penaeid shrimp farming was conducted in the 1930s on Penaeus japonicus , the explosive growth of shrimp farming in the later decades has been associated with the tropical giant tiger shrimp P. monodon . This species comprised 56% of the total 1999 production, the Asian white shrimps P. indicus and P. merguiensis came next with 17%, followed by P. vannamei (16%), and P. chinensis , P. stylirostris , P. japonicus contributed to the rest.

8. Identification Characteristics of a shrimp The rostrum well developed and toothed dorsally and ventrally. Hepatic and antennal spines pronounced. Carapace without longitudinal or transverse sutures. The most distinct features for identification of this species are: fifth pereiopods without exopod ; hepatic carina horizontally straight; and gastroorbital carina occupying the posterior half of the distance between hepatic spine and postorbital margin of carapace. Depending on substratum, feed and water turbidity, body colours vary from green, brown, red, grey, blue and transverse band colours on abdomen and carapace are alternated between blue or black and yellow. Adults may reach 33 cm in length and females are commonly larger than males.

9. Habitat & Biology Penaeus monodon mature and breed only in tropical marine habitats and spend their larval, juvenile, adolescent and sub-adult stages in coastal estuaries, lagoons or mangrove areas. In the wild, they show marked nocturnal activity, burrowing into bottom substratum during the day and emerging at night to search for food as benthic feeders. Under natural conditions, the giant tiger prawn is more of a predator than an omnivorous scavenger or detritus feeder than other penaeid shrimp. Adults are often found over muddy sand or sandy bottoms at 20-50 m depth in offshore waters. Mating occurs at night, shortly after moulting and sperm are subsequently kept in a spermatophore (sac) inserted inside the closed thelycum of the female.

10. Contd . . There are five stages in ovarian maturation; undeveloped, developing; nearly ripe; ripe; and spent. Spawning occurs at night and fertilization is external with females suddenly extruding sperm from the thelycum as eggs are laid in offshore waters. Hatching occurs 12-15 hours after fertilization. The larvae, termed nauplii , are free swimming and resemble tiny aquatic spiders. This first stage in larval development does not feed but lives on its yolk reserve and passes rapidly through six moults . The next larval stages [ protozoea , mysis and early postlarvae (PL) respectively] remain planktonic for some time and are carried towards the shore by tidal currents.

11. Sexual Dimorphism Male Female Presence of petasma in the first pleopod , it is formed by fusion of endopodites of first pleopods . Petasma is absent in first pleopod . Presence of apendix masculina in the second pleopod . Apendix masculina is absent. Thelycum is absent. Thelycum is present in the thoracic sterna between pereopods IV & V Gonopore is located at the base of fifth walking leg. Gonopore is located at the base of 3 rd walking leg. Smaller in size. Larger than the male.

12. GONADIAL POSITION Petasma in male shrimp thelycum in female shrimp

13. Male Reproductive System There are a pair of testes located in the cephalo - thorax above the hepato -pancreas. Testes is translucent, composed of 6 lobes, all the lobes are connected on the inner margin leading to vas-deferens. Vas-deferens has 4 regions such as proximal region which is short & narrow, a medium portion which is thick & large, long narrow distal part & a muscular portion called as terminal ampoule. The spermatozoa produced by the lobules of testis are aggregated & stored in a bag secreted by wall of vas-deferens.

14. Female Reproductive System There are a pair of ovaries which are partly fused extending almost the entire length of mature specimen. Each ovary consists of an anterior lobe, lateral lobe located dorsal to the hepatopancreas & an abdominal lobe lying dorso -lateral to the intestine. The oviduct originates from sixth lateral lobe, leading to the external genital aperture located at the base of coxa of third periopod .

15. Age & Size at First Sexual Maturity According to the Motoh (1981) sexual maturity is defined by the criterion, in wild stock Males of 37 mm carapace length & 35 gm body weight are found sexually mature. Females of 47 mm carapace length & 68 gm body weight are found sexually mature. Among the farm reared shrimp male weighing 20 gm with carapace length of 31 mm & female weighing 41.3 gm with carapace length 39 mm are found sexually mature.

16. Sexually mature shrimp male Female

17. BROOD STOCK AND THE BREEDING CYCLE: Once sub-adults reach sexual maturity they become brood stock. At this time spermatophores may be found in the terminal ampoule, although there is a high incidence of immature sperm found in the spermatophore . However, most females mature at a slightly larger size, around 82 to 97 g, which is the average size of gravid females from the first spawning pulse on the autumn The second spawning season usually commences in late August when water temperature rises above 25°C. Peak egg production during the spring spawning period occurs during September/October 19

18. Mating Upon reaching sexual maturity, the female is inseminated by a male each time she molts. This faciliates the insertion of spermatophore from the male into the seminal receptacle of the thelycum of female . Generally mating take place at night immediately after female moults . One or more male swim parallel to female positioning himself below her. Male bends its body in such a manner that ther is ventral to ventral contact between the two, then he turns perpendicular to female. A pair of spermatophore is released from the terminal ampullae of male & is inserted through the lateral plates of female thelycum into the chamber underneath with the help of petasma . Mating may continue from ½ hours to 3 hrs.

19. Spawning A female with fully developed spawns during night between 10P.M to 2 A.M. Eggs are released while swimming in the water near the bottom of the sea. During spawning, the prawn bends its body posterior to 4 th abdominal segment & 3 pair of pleopods are held tightly together & are vigorously. Eggs are released through the female gonopore (base of 3 rd pereiopod )Side by side, stored sperm are also released from the thelycum . As the sperm are not flagellated, it comes in contact with the ovum by passive collision.

20. Egg Newly laid eggs are 250-300 mm in diameter & of irregular shape. The first meiotic division take place after 2-5 minutes & second meiotic division take place 8-14 minutes after spawning. Male nucleus units with the female nucleus & form the zygote nucleus. The fertilised egg is called zygote.

21. Cleavage First clevage is holoblastic & equal. It take place 30-60 minutes after spawning. However by 90 minutes, all the fertilised eggs undergo at least the first cell division. At four cell stage we can distinguish fertilised eggs from the unfertilised eggs.

22. NAUPLIUS LARVAE : Newly hatched nauplius larva is 0.34mm in size dark yellow in colour . Oval in shape having 3 pairs of appendages. The appandages are locomotory in function. It is a non-feeding stage as it utilizes the reserved nutrients of the egg stored in it. As it grows,Moults once in 4-6 hrs. There are 6 nauplius stages. Duration of nauplius stage is 36-48 hours.

23. PROTOZOEA : Nauplius grow to protozoea . It starts feeding. Compound eyes at the anterior ends are sessile. It moults 3 times- 1) Protozoea -I( pereiopods & pleopods are absent) 2) Protozoea -II(stalked eyes developed) 3) Protozoea -III( telson get separated from the last abdominal segment). 12 September 2025 26

24. MYSIS : Protozoa develops into mysis . Mysis swims with their head down. They are not attracted to light. Presence of well developed carapace covering the thorax also. Telson is well developed. It Lasts for 3 days during which they moult 3 times. At the end of 3 rd stage they attain a size of 3.1-4.5mm . 27

25. POST LARVAE At post larval stages, the pleopods become fully developed and functional and attains sexual maturity. They spend their juvenile, adolescent and sub-adult stages in estuarine waters and then gradually move toward deeper water as they grow and eventually returning to offshore water when they attain sexual maturity.

26. ADULT After departing the marshes and creeks, the shrimp return to the ocean and continue to grow. When they return to the ocean, they mature to spawn and the cycle starts again.

27. Shrimp Hatchery Traditionally, shrimp fry are trapped and held in ponds and later collected by shrimp gatherers for stocking in grow-out ponds. With increasing demand for shrimp, supply of wild fry for the increasing number of shrimp farms has become insufficient and inconsistent. The breakthrough in the completion of the life cycle of commercially important shrimps in captivity, such as the tiger shrimp ( Penaeus monodon ), the Japanese kuruma ebi ( P. japonicus ), the eastern shrimp ( P. orientalis ) and the banana shrimp ( P. indicus or P. merguiensis ), has greatly enhanced mass production of shrimp fry under hatchery conditions. The excellent growth performance of these hatchery-bred fry in grow-out ponds strongly shows that the shrimp hatchery can answer the industry needs for ample supply of shrimp fry for farming.

28. Site selection criteria Criteria in the selection of a suitable site for a hatchery Sea water supply Availability of spawners Availability of power source Freshwater supply Accessibility Climatic conditions ( optimal temperature, long period of rainfalls)

29. Layout of a shrimp hatchery

30. Operation & Management practices for Different Units of p. monodon Hatchery

31. Collection of Spawners Berried females can be obtained year round from farm ponds containing adult animals but the quantity of berried females available may vary according to the time of year. Berried females can also be obtained from rivers. Canals & lakes in areas where they are indigenous. Some hatcheries prefer to use berried females from natural waters based on the belief that wild females produce better quality larvae than pond-reared ones. However, collecting ovigerous females from the wild often results in considerable egg loss during transport, so many hatcheries prefer to use adjacent rearing ponds for their supplies.

32. SELECTION OF SPAWNERS The criteria used for selecting spawners from the wild are: stage IV ovary complete appendages the back is not broken presence of spermatophore underneath the thylecum the color of the shrimp especially P. monodon should be pink with a faint greenish tint. Spawners which are slightly reddish could be due to stress caused by abrupt lowering of the water temperature during transportation by fishermen who try to delay spawning. Stressed spawners give very low spawning rates.

33. Broodstock Rearing/Maturation Unit Basic requirements for seed production is healthy brood stock.As the brooders are collected from the wild habitat ,breeders are to be acclimated to the hatchery condition by transferring to tubs in hatchery. These tubs are termed as Broodstock Rearing or Maturation Unit. Maturation tanks are usually circular, 4 m in diameter & 1.25 m in height made up of black fibre glass sheet. At the bottom of tank , a layer of gravel of 10 cm thick is given over which a synthetic permeable cloth is placed. Above the cloth sheet 5-10 cm layer of sand is given. At gravel layer, perforated plastic pipe is fitted which is connected to vertical pipe by side of the tank into which water supply pipe is fitted. Drain pipe is fitted at the centre of the tank to faciliate better aeration. The tank capacity may vary from 5 to 40 tons . If the shrimps are kept for less than 5 weeks, bottom substrate is not needed in the tank.

34. Maintenance of broodstock in maturation tanks The broodstocks are fed with squid, mussel or cockle meat or pellet feeds at the rate of 10% of total biomass. The water in the tank is allowed to flow through continuously or changed daily at 60–70% of total capacity. Gonadal development of an ablated female is checked 3–5 days after ablation while checking for gravid females is carried out every other day. Sampling and checking are done at night or at any time if the tanks are sufficiently covered and kept dark. During sampling, an underwater flashlight, tied to a pole is held close to the shrimp so that the light strikes perpendicularly on the dorsal part of the body where the ovaries are located. Water in the maturation tank can be lowered to 30 cm to allow the worker to get inside for closer observation. Only gravid females with stages III or IV ovaries are collected and transferred to spawning tanks.

35. Eyestalk ablation

36. Spawning Unit I t is made up of black fiber glass sheet & fabricated into cylindri -conical shape. The outlet pipe is fitted at the centre & inlet pipe at the top of tank. A perforated plastic sheet is kept at the junction of conical & cylindrical part on which breeders can rest. Through the perforation , the eggs released can sink to the conical part but the females can not enter on that place. Usually one spawner is kept at one tank. Spawning occurs usually at night & eggs are collected through the outlets to an egg concentrator. In this time water outlet is covered by 100 micron mesh net. Water holding capacity may vary from 50 liters to 1.5 tons. The tanks are used to temporarily hold the gravid females until spawning

37. Hatching Unit Eggs collected from the spawning tank are transferred to the hatching tank made up of 315 mm dia pipes closed at ths bottom. At the middle of Pvc pipe one 100 micron mesh screen is fixed. The outlet opens into a chamber with 48 micron seive which will work as a nauplii concentrator. The eggs are placed on the 100 micron mesh screen when the nauplii hatch out, they swim to surface, & are borne away by overflow into the harvesting tank. The incubation period is 8-10 hours depending on the temperature

38. Contd. Aeration is done gently in the tank. At the desired temperature(28-300c) & salinity (29-34 ppt ) nauplii hatches out within 12 hours. It takes 36 hours for the nauplii to undergo six moults and become a protozoea .

39. Hatching Unit

40. Harvesting Tank Before harvesting stop the aeration in the hatching tank. Keep a light for only a few minutes. Nauplii swim up to the lighted area of the tank & siphoned off imme diately to the harvesting bucket.

41. Larval rearing tanks Two types of rearing tanks are being used to rear the newly hatched larvae. In Japan and Taiwan, larger tanks with a capacity of more than 50 tons are being used. In Southeast Asia, most of the hatcheries use smaller larval rearing tanks of about 3 tons capacity.

42. 1.Small Tank System circular, rectangular or oval in shape with capacity ranging from 0.8 to 3 tons. The bottom of circular tanks may either be flat or conical. usually 1.8 m in diameter and 1.2 m in depth. Rectangular tank is about 1.5 × 5 × 1 m in size.In this, drain pipe is also used for harvesting. sea water is delivered into the tank.

43. 2.Big Tank System rectangular or square in shape with capacity varying from 50 to 2000 tons or more (5 × 5 × 2m or 20 × 50 × 2m). The tanks can either be located outdoors or if located indoors, transparent roofing should be provided to allow for sources of sunlight. In a big tank system, spawning, hatching and larval rearing operations are done in the same tank. The larvae are reared for 35–40 days (PL 25 -PL 30 ).

44. Management practices for larval rearing tanks In this larval rearing tank algae is added at a density of 100000 cells/ mljust before stocking the nauplii @ 100000/ton. The larvae should be acclimated to the larval tank water slowly for 10- 20 minutes & it should be released slowly at different points in the tank.

45. Rearing of Protozoea The prefer stage of stage I of protozoea eith Isochrys at the rate 80000-100000cell/ml of rearing media. Chaetoceros can be fed from stage I to stage III. Stage III can be fed on platymonas . During late stage I water level may be increased from 6 tons to 8 tons. & from stage II onwards it may be increased to 8 ton. From stage III water change is recommended @ 30-50% using 250 micron mesh. Algae is fed 2 times a day.

46. Rearing of Mysis Rearing media level may be 10 tonnes & 70% water is exchanged everyday using 350 micron filter. From stage I mysis artemia nauplii @ 1/ml is given in addition to algae@10000cells/ml. During stage III mysis Artemia nauplii may be fed @ 1 nauplius /2ml. Antibiotic treatment may be @ 0.4-0.5 gm/m3.Once in every 2 days antifungal treatment should be done. Algal feeding can be 3 times in a day.

47. Initial Indoor Rearing of Post-larvae As mysis grows to post larvae water lrvel should be 10 tonnes & water exchange can be 100% using 350 micron filter. Algal feeding should be reduced to 6000 cells/mi. Artemia nauplii may be increased to 1 nauplius /ml. Usually larvae are harvested at Pl3 stage for rearinr at post-larvae section of the hatchery. Treflan @20ml/m3 & furazolidone @ 0.5 gm/m3 is recommended for this period.

48. Out Door Rearing of Post-larvae of P. monodon For stocking with grow out ponds 20 day old post larvae are usually supplied from a hatchery. Hence 3 day old larvae reared in the indoor rearing tank are to be further reared in this tank, some precautions we should take Separate post larval rearing tank Abundant supply of sea water to maintain running water & claning of the tank Facilities for aeration of rearing tank Facilities for feeding the larvae

49. WATER STORAGE TANKS Three ferro -cement or FRP ( fibreglass reinforced plastic) tanks each with 5–10 tonne capacity are required for storing freshwater, seawater. These tanks should be constructed or placed at a higher level than the hatchery units to allow gravity flow of water into the hatchery. It is strongly recommended that both the freshwater and seawater are filtered to at least 5 micron.

50. Water Exchange Clean, clear. Filtered pollutant free sea water is utilised for larval rearing. Water Exchange is done to ensure water quality through the removal of metabolic wastes, feed residues etc. Siphoning of faecal matter, feed residues from the tank bottom is done after turning off the aeration to maintain good water quality.

51. Maintenance of water quality Salinity – Most penaeid shrimps do not breed in brackishwater,sea water is required. Salinity range from 30 to 36 ppt. Low salinity affects larval growth during the first 15 days of rearing. Temperature – Temperature directly affects the metabolic system of any given species. In penaeid shrimps, eggs do not hatch at temperatures lower than 24°C. Larvae usually grow and molt faster at higher temperature. The optimum temperature is 26–31°C. Below this level, larvae do not grow well and molting may be delayed.

52. Contd. Dissolved oxygen – Dissolved oxygen is a critical factor in larval rearing. High mortalities can occur if aeration stops even for only one hour. pH and nitrogenous compound – Normal pH of seawater ranges from 7.5 to 8.5. The pH value is a key indicator of changes in the water environment of the rearing tank relative to ionized and un-ionized ammonia. If pH value is high, this signifies increased levels of un-ionized ammonia (NH 3 ) which is toxic to larvae. Ionized ammonia (NH 4 + ) however, is not toxic because it is unable to pass through the gill membrane of the larvae. Safe ammonia concentrations in water should not exceed 1.5 ppm for NH 4 + and 0.1 ppm for NH 3 .

53. Health Management Mass mortality of larvae due to disease are frequently reported in fish hatchery. The most common health problems in shrimp hatcheries are infections of fungus such as Lagenidium , Sirolpidium With this disease caused by settlement of protozoans like Epistylis or Zoothamnion on the larva shell & also viral disease & bacterial disease are observed. To control disease outbrek we can use some general drugs as Disease type Drugs used Dosage Bacterial disease Furazolidone chloramphenicol 0.2-0.5gm/m3 2-5gm/m3 Viral disease No effctive treatment Fungus disease Treflan containing trifluralin 0.1mg/l

54. Transportation of seed The closed system is a sealed container partly filled with oxygen. The open system consists of a container in which the oxygen requirements are supplied from the air, either with an aerator stone for long distance delivery of PL or without an aerator stone for short distance delivery (10–15 minutes).

55. Conclusion The development of hatchery technology has rather enhanced the shrimp spawning with the multiple breeding program. A hatchery complex not only provides the facility for spawning and hatching but also provides the facility for broodstock rearing and seed rearing to produce stocking material for growout ponds and other fish production units. As demand is increasing in day by day, thus we can increase the fish production by using artificial breeding techniques and methods.

56. Referrences “Breeding & Seed production of Finfish and Shellfish” by Dr. P. C. Thomas, Dr. Suresh Ch. Rath & Dr. ( Mrs ) Kanta Das Mahapatra . “Aquaculture Principles & Practices” by T. V. R. Pillay . www.google.com www.fishbase.com www.fao.org

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