Brick kiln knowledge globalization conference 2018

Brick kilns are usually used to manufacture bricks (building blocks) in Bangladesh which have many drawbacks. They pollute the environment by emitting black C to atmosphere. Moreover, fertile topsoil of agricultural lands are usually used for brick making by fixed chimney kilns.

1. Welcome 13th International Knowledge Globalization Conference, 2018 IUBAT, Dhaka, Bangladesh Dr. Md. Altaf Hossain Principal Scientific Officer Soil Resource Development Institute (SRDI) Email: [email protected] 2/25/2018 1 SRDI Effects of Brick kiln on Environmental Pollution and Degradation of Agricultural Land

2. How Brick Kilns relate to SDGs? 2/25/2018 SRDI 2 1. No Poverty 2. Zero Hunger 3. Good Health and Wellbeing 8. Decent Work and Economic Growth 11. Sustainable Cities and Communities 13. Climate Action 15. Life on Earth The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) , otherwise known as the Global Goals , are a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity .

3. Rationale of the study The aim of the study is to assess the effects of brick kiln on surrounding environment as well as crop fields and homesteads. It is generally postulated that the brick kilns have detrimental effects on micro-environment of surrounding area. It is observed those brick kilns are usually built on or near agricultural lands for utilizing the top soils of area. Brick kilns are located mostly nearer to densely populated area which is a clear violation of existing law. Bricks are generally burnt with fuel woods/coal/gas though government has banned the use of fuel woods. Moreover, chimneys are not constructed as per government specification (i.e. height 30 meter). As the fumes generate huge temperature, dust and gases especially SO 2 ; which may affect the micro-environment of the surrounding area of brickfield. Farmers are sometimes forced to sell fertile top soils of their crop lands due to influential kiln owners. It is reported that presently around 150 billion bricks are manufactured every year in 6,900 brick kilns in the country at the cost of about 127 crore cubic feet of topsoil ( Daily star, 2016 ). SRDI has conducted a study throughout the country in 2005 which revealed damaging effects of brick kiln on field and horticultural crops as well as on scarce agricultural lands. Proposed study is undertaken to generate recent data base on brick kiln to assess its impact on environment pollution and degradation of agricultural land. . 2/25/2018 3 SRDI

4. Objectives 1. To study the impact of brick kiln on surrounding crop fields. 2. To study the impact of brickfield on homestead fruit trees. 3. To assess the effect of brick kiln on environmental pollution degradation of soil resources of agricultural land. 2/25/2018 SRDI 4

5. Locating the brick kilns under study in the Upazila Soil and Landform Map (1:50,000). Collection data on brick kiln such as location (distance from Upazila HQ/ municipality/ residential area; co-ordinates), area, capacity, chimney height, fuel used, source of soil, etc. Collection of land type wise soil samples from adjacent and distant crop fields from at least 5 brick kilns in a district. In total data on 121 brick kilns have been collected. Collection of top soil composite sample and plant samples from damaged plots (if any). Collection of data on crops, cropping patters of brick kiln area before conversion. Collection of data on crops, growing stages likely to be injured/ damaged by interviewing the farmers. Chemical analysis of the collected soil samples for determining pH, N, P, K, S and Zn status of the soils to assess economic impact. Data processing and report writing. Printing and publication of final report. 2/25/2018 5 SRDI Methodology

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7. 2/25/2018 7 SRDI Although not formally recognized as an industry, with a current manufacturing capacity of 12 billion bricks per year from 5,200 kilns surrounding all major cities of Dhaka, Khulna, Rajshahi, and Chittagong, this sector has a major economic significance in the national context. It contributes to 1.0 % of the gross domestic product and employs directly and indirectly over 1.0 million people ( BUET, 2007 ). The demand for bricks is expected to grow at least 50 % by 2020 ( World-Bank, 2007; UNDP, 2011 ). Parameter Value (approximate) All kilns in Bangladesh 5,000 All kilns within 50 km of the Greater Dhaka region 1,000 Natural gas fired kilns in Bangladesh 26 Annual brick production in Bangladesh 15 billion Market value of bricks a 105 billion BDT (1.3 billion USD) Contribution of brick manufacturing sector to annual GDP 1 % Annual coal consumption 2.2 million tons Import value of coal consumed USD 140 million Annual firewood consumption 1.9 million tons Annual clay consumption 45 million tons Total employment including supply of clay and coal, transport of bricks, and marketing 1 million Growth rate between 2000–2010 5.6 % (construction industry) Expected growth rate between 2010–2020 2–4 % after Guttikunda and Khaliquzzaman, 2014 1 USD=80 Bangladesh Taka (BDT) and market value per brick is considered at 7 BDT Brick Industry of Bangladesh

8. 2/25/2018 8 SRDI Bangladesh’s brick making sector plays a significant role in the nation’s economy. It is believed to account for about one percent of GDP and employ (mostly on a seasonal basis) between one to two million people. Estimates of the total number of brick-making kilns range from 6,000 to over 10,000. Kilns documented by the Department of Environment (DoE) numbered 6,791 in September 2014. Most of these are small-scale seasonal businesses (“traditional kilns”), operating from six to eight months a year and active mainly from November to April. Sector considered as one of the top sources of air pollution in the country and a primary cause of deforestation. Photo 1. Cluster of Brick kiln near Dhaka City Photo 2. Fixed chimney kilns (FCK) are one of the main polluters in Bangladesh (Photo: IIDFC Ltd. Bangladesh )

9. 2/25/2018 9 SRDI Physical displacement/removal of topsoil of agricultural fields by the industry is also of great concern. Photo 3. Stockpile of excavated topsoil and 4. Soils processed for brick making Brick-making is considered one of the most critical sources of air pollution in Bangladesh as well as a major threat to forests and fertile topsoils . Very few brick kilns in Bangladesh have been built following the proper design, resulting in huge emission of black carbon causing environmental pollution. Brick kilns are the largest source of greenhouse gases in Bangladesh emitting 8.75 million tons of greenhouse gases per year ( Hasan , 2016 http://www.thedailystar.net/city/brick-kiln-rules-breach-adding-pollution). About 8000 brick fields were set up in the country without any clear environmental guidelines, resulting in loss of fertility in agricultural lands, the experts said. Also, nearly 25 to 26 per cent of the harvested woods are used for burning bricks every year, causing deforestation.

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11. 2/25/2018 11 SRDI Results and Discussion Distance of brick kilns from Upazila HQ Highest distance of brick kiln from Upazila HQ is 20 km; lowest distance being 0.5 km and average distance is 7.4 km. Similar results were reported by Hossain and Shoaib in 2005 ( Figure 1 ). Figure 1. Distance of brick kiln from Upazila HQs

12. 2/25/2018 12 SRDI Distance of brick kilns from homesteads The highest distance of brick kilns from nearby homestead is 3000m; the lowest distance being 2m and average distance is 546 m ( Figure 2; Photo 5 ). Figure 2. Distance of brick kilns from homesteads Photo 5. Brick kiln emitting black C adjacent to homesteads

13. 2/25/2018 13 SRDI Status of approval of surveyed brick kilns by appropriate authority It was observed that only 62 percent brick kilns have approval from competent authority while 19 were not approved and 19 percent did not shared any information ( Figure 3 ). Figure 3. Status of approval of brick kilns by competent authority

14. 2/25/2018 14 SRDI Production capacity of brick kilns Capacity of the surveyed brick kilns range from 0.08 million to as high as 0.78 million bricks per year. The average capacity was 0.35 million bricks per year and the total production per annum were 42.66 million bricks. ( Figure 4 ). Figure 4. Production capacity of brick kilns

15. 2/25/2018 15 SRDI Fuels used in brick kilns Though coal is identified as major source of energy (77%) to burn the clay bricks forest wood and fruit trees of homestead areas and adjacent forest woods are also used as fuel to burn the bricks ( Figure 5 ). Out of 188 respondents 1% did not disclose this information. Figure 5. Fuels used in brick kilns Although the use of firewood is banned in Bangladesh, anecdotal evidence suggests that a considerable amount of firewood is still used for brick-making. This can lead to deforestation or forest degradation, with loss of environmental services (e.g., watershed protection) and biodiversity.

16. 2/25/2018 16 SRDI Impact of brick kiln on land and environment degradation Mostly fertile topsoil of agricultural land is exploited for making bricks. On an average 3 kilogram soil is required to make a brick. Moreover, Bangladesh is loosing agricultural land for non-agriculture use @0.67% per annum (SRDI, 2013). 150 billion kg soil is required to produce 50 billion bricks per annum in Bangladesh (Guttikunda et al ., 2014). On an average one hectare land up to furrow slice i.e. 0-10 cm depth weighs 2X10 6 kg of soil. Bangladesh cannot afford loosing such a huge amount of soils every year. Topsoil containing organic matter and other nutrients is the mainstay for sustainable agriculture. Use of topsoil for brick-making leads to land degradation, which reduces agricultural yields. In addition, acid deposits from the sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and NOx emitted from the brick kilns negatively affect agricultural productivity. In India, for example, the use of topsoil for brick-making has been restricted ( Ministry of Environment and Forests 1998 ). The brick kilns are also a major source of pollution in a country where environmental safeguards are all but nonexistent. Photo 6. Brick kiln adjacent to agricultural field

17. 2/25/2018 17 SRDI Effect of brick kilns on crop yields Air pollution in the areas where brick kilns are located contributes to the decline of agricultural yields. Evidence of reduced yields from orchards and crops due to air pollution is well-documented ( Naqvi, 2004; Hossain and Shoaib, 2005 ). Dust deposition on leaves of plants (i.e. crops and orchards) hinders photosynthesis, which reduces productivity. Figure 7. Use of caterpillar for excavating soils from agricultural land

18. 2/25/2018 SRDI 18 Every year we are loosing 45 thousand tons of nitrogen (N) which is equivalent to 100 thousand tons Urea fertilizer amounting to 64 million BDT (1 $≈80 BDT) for producing 50 billion bricks. Organic matter loss per annum is 0.72 million tons for the purpose. This is tremendous loss. As organic C is the source of energy for soil microbes which are vital for soil health. Irreversible loss of nutrients and organic matter

19. 2/25/2018 19 SRDI The way forward In absence of natural sources of stones and pebbles, bricks produced from clay have become the major construction material in the country. The brick manufacturers employ approximately 1-2 million workers, mostly unskilled, in brick making. The United Nations Development Project in 2010 launched a five-year project intended to turn Bangladesh's brick-making industry GREEN . The GREEN Brick project aims to implement 15 demonstrations on energy efficient kilns in a five year period. It will result in the direct energy savings of 314 kilotons of coal by the end of the project. In the upcoming 15 years, direct greenhouse gas emission reductions should be of 1,470 kilotons of CO 2 . Moreover, it introduces a gender empowerment component, demonstrating that generating environmentally and socially acceptable jobs is possible. According to the news agency IPS, some experts say that a shift to greener kilns could slash the industry's carbon emissions by half ( http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2396250/Bangladesh-brick-factories-Millions-of -workers-face-harsh-conditions ). Photo 8. Women at HHK kiln enjoy better labor standards and working conditions

20. 2/25/2018 20 SRDI Conclusion Brick making is indispensable for Bangladesh’ economy. Though not formally recognized as an industry, brick-making is a significant economic activity in Bangladesh ( Ministry of Industries 2010 ). The country‘s overwhelming dependence on bricks is due to its lack of stones in any sizable quantity or other alternative building materials at comparable cost. Outdated brick-production technology and seasonality of kiln operations hinder brick-sector productivity. FCK technology is more than a century old. The brick sector has largely grown by replication of existing kilns, with little variation in kiln design or operation. GOB has amended the law in 2013, regulating the brick sector as per law of the land with strict enforcement is still needed. The Government of Bangladesh (GOB) has demonstrated serious commitment to regulate the brick industry through by prohibiting brick export to India. Most brick kilns are low energy efficient and are highly polluting. Brick kilns have a negative effect on agricultural productivity. The weak financial situation of most kiln operators hinders the adoption of modern technologies.

21. 2/25/2018 SRDI 21 Recommendations Bangladesh House Building Research Institute ( www.hbri.gov.bd ) needs to be strengthened and research findings should be replicated in constructing GOB funded buildings. Building codes needs to be revisited facilitating at least 50% use of alternate bricks. Government of Bangladesh should formulate law prohibiting use of fertile topsoil of agricultural lands for brick making. Mass awareness needs to be built about FCK polluting the environment as well as degradation of fertile agricultural lands.

22. 2/25/2018 22 SRDI Thanks for patience hearing