brief description_endocrine system_.pptx

this presentation determines the key roles of major endocrine hormones. effective for students of grade 8,9,10 and 12.

1. NAME : Jaydeep Peshwani TOPIC : ENDOCRINE : THE SYSTEM OF HORMONES DEPARTMENT : LIFE SCIENCES , BIOTECHNOLOGY J

2. CONTENTS : INTRODUCTION TO GLAND AND HORMONES . DEFINATION OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS. THYROID GLAND . ADRENAL GLAND . PANCREAS . PITUITARY GLAND . SUMMARY . This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA J

3. DEFINATION OF GLANDS : GLANDS ARE ORGANS OR TISSUES IN THE BODY THAT PRODUCES AND RELEASES THE SUBSTANCES LIKE HORMONES AND ENZYMES . THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF GLANDS ; ENDOCRINE AND EXOCRINE . J

4. DEFINATIONS OF HORMONES : THEY ARE NON-NUTRITIONAL CHEMICALS WHICH ACTS AS INTRACELLULAR MESSENGERS AND ARE PRODUCED IN TRACE AMOUNTS . THEY TRAVEL THROUGH BLOOD TO TARGETED CELLS , TISSUES AND ORGANS . J

5. DEFINATION OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS : ENDOCRINE GLANDS COMES FROM TERM ENDOCRINE CELL SIGNALLING WHICH MEANS ; THE HORMONES WILL BE MADE AND TRANSPORTED BY THE SAME TISSUE OR ORGAN VIA BLOOD STREAMS TO SEVERAL PARTS OF THE BODY. J

6. THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM : J

7. THYROID GLAND : LARGEST ENDOCRINE GLAND . LOCATED ANTERIOR TO THYROID CARTILAGE NEAR LARYNX . BILOBED STRUCTURE WHICH ARE CONNECTED TO A NARROW STRUCTURE CALLED ISTHMUS . J

8. HORMONES SECRETED : THYROID GLANDS CONSIST OF FOLLICLES , WHICH ARE LINED WITH FOLLICULAR CELLS AND PARAFOLLECULAR CELLS ; COLLECTIVELY FORMS HORMONES . THYROXINE [T4] AND TRI-IODOTHYRONINE [T3] :ARE PRODUCED WITH THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN 4 AND 3 IODINE SUBUNITS / ATOMS . T4 ARE CONVERTED INTO T3 WHEN ONE IODINE IS REMOVED BY LIVER OR KIDNEY ; BOTH HAVE TYROSIN AMINO ACID AS MAIN CHEMICAL COMPOUND . J

9. FUNCTIONS : REGULATE METABOLIC RATE . STIMULATE RPOTEIN SYNTHESIS , THEREFORE PROMOTE GROWTH . REGULATE AND DEVELOP MENTAL FACULTIES . CALCITONIN [CT] : IT IS A PEPTIDE WHICH CONTAINS 32 AMINO ACIDS . THIS IS SECRETED TO LOWER THE HIGH CALCIUM LEVEL OF BLOOD AND SUPPRESING RELEASE OF CALCIUM FROM BONES. J

10. DISORDERS : HYPERTHYROIDISM : ALSO KNOWN AS GRAVES DISEASES ; IS AN AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE THAT PRODUCES ANTIBODIES . THIS ANTIBODIES STIMULATES THE THYROID GLAND TO PRODUCE MORE THYROID HORMONES . SYMPTOMS : WEIGHT LOSS ,HIGH BODY TEMPRATUR , HIGH HEART RATE , NERVEOUSNESS AND RESTLESSNESS . J

11. CURES : ANTI-THYROID MEDICINES , RADIOACTIVE IODINE THERAPY . HYPOTHYROIDISM : ALSO KNOWN AS GOITRE ; IS CAUSED BY IODINE DEFICIENCY . IT ENLARGES THE THYROID GLAND . SYMPTOMS : SWELLING OF NECK , DIFFICULTY IN BREATHING , COUGHING AND HOARSENESS. J

12. ADRENAL GLAND : THESE ARE PAIRED STRUCTURE , LOCATED ON TOP OF KIDNEYS . THEY CONSIST OF TWO PARTS ; ADRENAL CORTEX AND INNER ADRENAL MEDULLA. CORTEX HAVE 3 PARTS : ZONA GLOMERULOSA – OUTER ZONE [ 15%]. ZONA FASCICULATA – MIDDLE ZONE [50%]. ZONA RETICULARIS – INNER ZONE [7%] . ZONA FASCICULATA CONTAINS ASCORBIC ACID. J

13. HORMONES SECRETED : ADRENALINE NORADRENALINE IS PRODUCED BY MEDULLA . STEROID HORMONES LIKE CORTISOL AND ALDOSTRONE ARE PRODUCED BY CORTEX . J

14. FUCTIONS : ADRENALINE : GIVES FIGHT AND FLIGHT RESPONSE , INCREASES HEART RATE & BP. NORADRENALINE : SIMILAR TO ADRENALINE , INVOLVED IN STRESS RESPONSE , REGULATION OF MOOD AND WORK ALONGSIDE ADRENALINE TO INCREASE HEART RATE AND BP . CORTISOL : REGULATING METABOLISM , IMMUNE RESPONSE , INFLAMATION AND BODY’S STRESS RESPONSE . ALDOSTRONE : REGULATES ELECTROLYTIC BALANCE , PRIMARILY BY INCREASING SODIUM REABSORPTION AND EXTRACTION IN THE KIDNEYS .IT ALSO MAINTAINS BLOOD PRESSURE AND FLUID BALANCE . J

15. DISORDERS : ADDISOSN’S DISEASE : CAUSED BY DEFICIENCY IN HORMONE PRODUCTION , SPECIFICALLY CORTISOLS AND ALDOSTRONE . CAN BE CAUSED DUE TO AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS , TUMOURS . SYMPTOMS : LOW BLOOD SUGAR, LOW PLASMA Na+ AND HIGH PLASMA K+ , NAUSEA , VOMITING ,BRONZE LIKE PIGMENTS ON SKIN . J

16. CUSHING’S SYNDROME : CAUSED DUE TO EXCESSIVE PRODUCTION OF CORTISOL WHICH IS MAYBE DUE TO TUMOUR ON ADRENAL CORTEX . SYMPTOMS : HIGH BLOOD SUGAR , APPEARANCE OF SUGAR IN URINE , RISE IN PLASMA Na+ AND DECREASE OF PLASMA K+ , OBESITY ,WASTING OF THIGHS AND PELVIC GIRDLES . TREATMENT : SURGICAL REMOVAL OF TUMOR, FOLLOWED BY STEROID REPLACEMENT THERAPY . J

17. PANCREATIC GLAND : LIES INFERIOR TO THE STOMACH IN A BEND OF DUODENUM . IT CONTAINS A GROUP OF CELLS KNOWN AS ISLETS OF LANGERHANS . THESE CONTAINS SEVERAL TYPES OF CELLS INCLUDING ALPHA CELLS , BETA CELLS & DELTA CELLS . J

18. HORMONES SECRETED AND ITS FUNCTIONS : GLUCAGON : PRODUCED BY ALPHA CELLS , STIMULATES LIVER TO CONVERT STORED GLYCOGEN INTO GLUCOSE . ALSO CALLED ANTI-INSULIN HORMONE . INSULIN : PRODUCED BY BETA CELLS OF PANCREAS .CONVERTS GLUCOSE INTO GLYCOGEN IN THE LIVER AND MUSCLES . IT ALSO REDUCES CATABOLISM OF PROTIEN AND INCREASES SYNTHESIS OF FAT . SOMATOSTATIN [SS] : SUPPRESS THE RELEASE OF THE OTHER HARMFUL HORMONES IN DIGESTIVE TRACT . J

19. PANCREACTIC POLYPEPTIDE : INHIBITS PANCREATIC EXOCRINE SECREATION AND GALLBLADDER CONTRACTION WHILE STIMULATING INTESTINAL MOTILITY . J

20. DISORDERS : HYPERGLYCEMIA : CAN BE OF TWO FORMS ; INSULIN DEPENDENT AND NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT . INSULIN DEPENDENT IS CAUSED DUE TO LACK OF PRODUCTION OF SUFFICIENT AMOUNT OF INSULIN DUE TO PROBLEM IN BETA CELLS. J

21. INSULIN INDEPENDENT FORM IS CAUSED DUE TO FALIURE OF INSULIN TO FACILITATE THE MOVEMENT OF GLUCOSE INTO CELLS . BOTH THE TIME , BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL IS ELEVATED . SYMPTOMS : INCREASED THIRST , FATIGUE , BLURRED VISION , FREQUENT URINATION . TREATMENT : CONTROLING BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL , TAKING INSULIN INJECTION OR CHANGING GENE SEQUENCE TO PRODUCE INSULINE . HYPOGLYCEMIA : OCCURS WHEN BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL FALLS BELOW THE NORMAL LEVEL OR EXCESS PRODUCTION OF INSULIN . SYMPTOMS : WEAKNESS , PROFUSE SWEATING , IRRITABILITY , UNCONSIOUSNES , ETC . TREATMENT : INTAKE OF GLUCOSE INJECTIONS , GLUCOSE RICH DIET [HEALTHY SUGARS ] . J

22. PITUITARY GLAND : J

23. HORMONES SECRETED : J

24. FUNCTIONS : J

25. DISORDERS : ACROMEGALY : CAUSED BY EXCESS PRODUCTION OF GROWTH HORMONE ALSO AFTER THE ADULT AGE . THIS LEADS TO ABNORMALITIES IN SIZE OF ORGANS IN THE BODY.FORMS TUMOUR ON THE TISSUE . SYMPTOMS : ENLARGMENT OF HAND , LIPS , JAW , TOUNGE , OVERWEIGHT , THICKNING OF SKIN . J

26. TREATMENT : SURGERIES AND RADIATION THERAPY . DIABETES INSIPIDUS : CAUSED BY DEFICIENCY OF ADH [ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE] SYMPTOMS : EXTREME THIRST , WEAKNESS , DEHYDRATION , FATIGUE & DILUTED URINE . TREATMENT : ORGAN REPLACEMENT AND TAKING PROPER CARE OF THE HYDRATION . J

27. SUMMARY : UNDERSTANDING THE FUNCTIONS OF THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND THEIR HORMONES IS ESSENTIAL FOR COMPREHENDING THE BODY'S REGULATORY MECHANISMS. IMBALANCES IN HORMONE LEVELS CAN CAUSE VARIOUS HEALTH PROBLEMS. IN CONCLUSION, ENDOCRINE GLANDS AND HORMONES PLAY A FUNDAMENTAL ROLE IN ORCHESTRATING THE BODY'S INTERNAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM, ENSURING THE PROPER FUNCTIONING OF PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AND MAINTAINING OPTIMAL HEALTH. J