Brief Detail on Genetic Mapping

This video will cover everything about genome Mapping
Youtube Link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FO8ZIpl7P6o&t=62s

1. Genome Mapping By Nadia Muzaffar Sindh Biotechnologists Association (SBA) Genome mapping Presenter: Nadia Muzaffar

2. Genome mapping Genome mapping is used to identify and record the location of genes and the distance between genes on a chromosome. key landmarks are highlighted in the genome map. Landmarks Short DNA sequences Regulatory sites Genes

3. Types of genome mapping

4. genetic map gives the relative position of two genes Physical map gives the precise location of the specific gene

5. Genetic mapping Genetic mapping looks at how genes or specific DNA sequence is shuffled between chromosomes during a process called recombination or ‘crossing over’ of meiotic division. Genetic map is expressed in cM (centi-Morgan) units.

6. Genetic mapping is done through: Genetic mapping Linkage analysis Pedigree analysis Genetic marker

7. Linkage analysis: By finding out how often various characteristics are inherited together even after the crossing over, it is possible to estimate the distance between the genes. A map of where the genes are in relationship to each other on the chromosomes can then be drawn. This is called a linkage map.

8. Pedigree analysis: If two (or more) characteristics were seen to be frequently inherited together in a family, for example blonde hair and blue eyes, it suggested that the genes for the two characteristics were close together on a particular chromosome.

9. Genetic marker If a particular gene is close to a DNA marker on the chromosome, it is more likely that the gene and marker will stay together during the recombination process and are therefore more likely to be passed down along the family line (inherited) together. Genetic marker VNTRs SNPs Microsatellites

10. Physical mapping Physical mapping looks at the physical distance between known DNA sequences (including genes) by working out the number of base pair.   The physical map is considered as a real map expressed in million base-pairs or Mbps.

11. Techniques used for physical mapping: 1. Restriction mapping A restriction map shows all the locations of a particular restriction site for a specific restriction enzyme throughout the genome. A physical map is generated by aligning the different restriction maps along the chromosomes.

12. -Fingerprint mapping Matching bands I I I I I I Genome fragmented Copied in bacterial cell Cut by restriction enzymes Electrophoresis Overlap similar band patterns Construct map

13. -Optical mapping Single DNA molecule placed on slide Restriction enzyme leaving gaps Fragments stained with dye Fluorescent microscope Fluorescent intensity helps finding overlapping fragments

14. 2. Fluorescent  in situ  hybridization (FISH) mapping Fluorescent probes Attachment with complementary strand Fluorescent microscope Complimentary sequence detected Construct map

15. 3. Sequence tagged site (STS) mapping STS is 200-500 base pair long unique sequence. Construct map STS chromosome Overlapping DNA fragments Genome fragmented Cloned 10 times in bacterial cell PCR with special primers binds to STS Overlap similar fragments

16. Applications of Genome mapping Having a complete map of the genome makes it easier for researchers to study individual genes. Human genome maps help researchers in their efforts to identify human disease-causing genes related to illnesses like cancer, heart disease, and cystic fibrosis . It has vast use in gene therapy, gene cloning and genetic engineering. Genome mapping can be used in a variety of other applications, such as using live microbes to clean up pollutants or even prevent pollution . Research involving plant genome mapping may lead to producing higher crop yields or developing plants that better adapt to climate change.

17. References Hyten DL, Lee DJ (2016) Plant Genetic Mapping Techniques. Lam E, Hastie A, Lin C (2012) Genome mapping on nanochannel arrays for structural variation analysis and sequence assembly. Nature Biotech. 30: 771-776. Lavier A, Singh N, Lipatov M, Petrov D (2010). Drosophila melanogaster  recombination rate calculator. Elsevier 463(1-2): 18-20. Majid R (2007) Genome mapping and molecular breeding of tomato. Intl J Plant Genomic. P52. Yue G (2014) Recent advances of genome mapping and marker‐assisted selection in aquaculture. Fish and Fisheries 15(3): 376-396. https://www.producer.com/2017/12/genetic-mapping-vs-genome-sequencing/ http://www.informatics.jax.org/silver/figures/figure7-1.shtml https://www.yourgenome.org/facts/how-do-you-map-a-genome scholar.google.com www.google.com

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