Brief Details of Vertebrata class 9

It gives you a brief details about Vertebrata that you dont know.
[email protected]

1. Welcome to

science project

2. Vertebrata
These animals have a true vertebral column and
internal skeleton, allowing a completely different
distribution of muscle attachment points to be used
for movement.
Vertebrates are bilaterally symmetrical,
triploblastic, coelomic and segmented, with compllex
diffrention of body tissue and organs. All chordates
posses the following features:

3. Vertebrata Continued....
(i)Have a notochord
(ii)Have a dorsal nerve cord
(iii)Are triploblastic
(iv)Have paired gill pouches
(v)Vertebrates are grouped into five classes:-
which we will see them in the slides.

4. CLASS PISCES: FISHES

5. CLASS PISCES
SUBCLASS
SUBCLASS

6. Jawless Fishes = Agnathans
No true teeth/jaw
Skeleton made of fibers/cartilage
Cartilage-strong supporting tissue (softer/more
flexible than bone)
Lack true vertebrae (keep notochord as adults)
ONLY VERTEBRATE PARASITES!
2 groups: Lampreys and Hagfishes

7. Lampreys
Parasites
Sucker-like oral disks with teeth to grasp and suck
tissues/flesh

8. Hagfishes
Detritivores
No eyes
Toothed tongue
Secrete slime
6 hearts
Tie into knot

9. Hagfish

10. Cartilaginous Fishes=
Chondrichthyes
Sharks, Rays, Skates
Cartilage skeleton (no bone)
Sharks have thousands of teeth in rows
Skates and Rays glide with wing-like
pectoral fins (bottom-dwelling)

12. CARTILAGINOUS FISH
850 Species of Sharks,
Rays, & Skates
Skeleton is made of
cartilage. S-shaped
swimming/rigid fins.
External Gill slits.
Store oils & constant
motion to stay afloat.
Scales are small bony
plates (at one time used as
sandpaper).

13. RAYS & SKATES
Flattened body for a
bottom-dwelling niche
Spiracles & eyes on the
dorsal side.
Mouth, nostrils & gill slits
on ventral side.
Stingrays have a hollow
barb.
Manta ray grows to 18’.

14. SHARKS
Close to 300 species.
Largest fish in the world-
Whale Shark.
Can smell 1drop/blood
In 1 million parts/water.
 Lateral line detect vibrations
in the water
Ampullae of Lorenzini
Sense changes in electrical
field.

15. WHALE SHARK

16. Bony Fishes = Osteichthyes
Bone skeleton (hard, calcified tissue)
Ray-Finned Fishes-fins formed from bony
spines covered by thin layers of skin (largest
group)
Lobe-Finned Fishes-fleshy fins with bones
(some jointed like arms/legs)…ex. Lungfish
& Coelacanth

17. Fish
Anal fin
Eye
Mouth

Dorsal fin

Caudal fin
Operculum
(gill cover) Pelvic fin Pectoral fin

Lateral line

Scales

18. Feeding
Herbivores, carnivores, parasites, filter feeders,
and detritivores
Digestive tract:
mouthesophagusstomachpyloric
cecaintestineanus (solid waste)
Enzymes added by liver and pancreas

19. Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Pyloric cecum
Liver
Pancreas
Intestine
Anus
Digestive System

20. Respiration
Gills on sides of pharynx to exchange
gases
Gill Filaments-feathery structures with
capillaries for gas exchange
Gill Rakers-prevents prey from escaping
through gills
Gill Arches-support and protect gills
Operculum-protective bony cover over gill
openings

21. Lungfish
Adaptation to oxygen-
poor water
Tube brings oxygen
from air into fish’s
mouth to “LUNG”

22. Circulation
Closed system
2 chambered heart
Single loop: heartgillsbody (back to heart)

23. Fish Heart
Sinus Venosus-sac that collects oxygen poor
blood from veins; sends blood toAtrium-large
muscular chamber; sends it toVentricle-large
muscular chamber that pumps blood; sends it
toBulbus Arteriosus-muscular tube that
connects toAorta-large blood vessel that
sends blood to gills

24. Excretion
Eliminate nitrogenous waste as ammonia
(urine)
Kidneys filter waste from blood
Diffusion through gills
Kidney

25. Brain
•
Well-developed nervous system with brain
•
Eyes with color vision
•
Taste/Smell
•
Lateral Line System- detect currents/vibrations in water (sense
nearby fishes)
Response/Nervous System

26. Movement
Swim Bladder-internal gas filled organ to
adjust buoyancy in bony fish only

27. Movement continued…
Contract paired sets of muscles
Fins propel
Dorsal/Ventral fins for stability (Dorsal/Anal)
Paired fins for fine movements/turning
(Pectoral/Pelvic)
Caudal fin for speed

29. •
Anadromous-live
in ocean but
migrate to fresh
water to breed;
Ex. Salmon

30. Class Reptilla

31. Characteristics
Strong bony skeleton
Well developed lungs
Most have 2 pairs of legs
Legs are thick
Toes with claws
Excretory system designed to
conserve water

32. Characteristics Cont’d
Color change
Dominant sense – sight
Uric acid – primary excretory product
4 chambered heart
Sex determination
- high temp – males
- low temp - females

33. Order Testudines
Turtles
225 species
Beak rather than teeth
Eat plants and animals
Most are highly endangered
Leatherback up to 9 quintel and 1
ton.

35. Order Squamata
Suborder Sauria
Lizards
Eat plants and animals
Komodo Dragon – up to 10 ft long
Marine Iguanas – feed on algae

38. Order Squamata
Suborder Serpentes
Snakes
No limbs
Strong flexible bodies
Oviparous or ovoviviparous
Well developed sense of taste and
smell

39. Snake Feeding
Jacobson’s organs – olfactory
pouches used to track prey and
find females
Pit organs – detect heat
Swallow prey whole
Upper and lower jaws can move
independently
Posteriorly pointing teeth

40. Snake Venom
Hemotoxins
- destroy red blood cells and
cause internal bleeding
- vipers
Neurotoxins
– paralyze nerve cells, respiratory
paralysis
- Cobras, coral snakes, and sea
snakes

42. Order Crocodilia
Crocodiles and Alligators
Carnivores
Live in water
Extend nostrils above water for air

45. Class Aves

46. Feathers
Composed mainly of keratin
Down feathers - soft, fluffy feathers providing insulation.
Filoplumes - thin, hair-like feathers.
Contour feathers - shape and color the body.
Flight feathers - specialized contour feathers on wings and
tail that provide lift.

47. Feather Types

48. Skeleton
Light bones
Air sacs – greatly increase lung’s ability to take
in oxygen.
Forelimbs function as wings, not for grasping
Types of feet based on type of food and
environment.

49. Types of bills
Toothless
Depend on type of food
gathered

50. Cardiovascular System
Body temperature is internally regulated
(endothermic)
Heart is 4-chambered
High metabolism - provides the large amount of
energy needed for flight.
Rapid heartbeat - moves large amount of blood
through the body for gas exchange.

51. Nervous System
Highly developed
Controls flight,
Helps navigation,
Enhances vision and hearing.

52. Digestive System
 Crop - stores food for processing by the
gizzard.
Gizzard - grinds the food.

53. Shore Birds
feed in intertidal
zone, long legs and
sharp beaks.
(ex. Sandpipers)

54. Gulls
Predators and
scavengers
found all over
the world.
Generally live
around
shoreline.

55. Pelicans,
Cormorants, etc
Dive for food
Gular pouch
serves as a
net

56. Albatross
Superb gliders
(11ft wing
span)
Return to land
only to nest

57. Penguins
Heavier bones
and layers of
fat.
Most highly
adapted to life
in the sea
Preyed upon by
leopard seals &
killer whales

58. Amphibians
Amphibian- “Double
Life”
- Water and land

59. Amphibian Characteristics
1st true tetrapod vertebrates
Bony skeletons with four limbs
Exceptions: Caecilians (limbless) and Sirens
(forelimbs only)
Many w/webbed feet
Thin moist skin; no scales
Breathe w/ lungs (Internal, bag-like organ that
exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the air and
blood)
Exception: Lungless salamanders
Larvae- gills
Cutaneous respiration- “Skin breathing”
Supplement oxygen intake w/ moist skin
Limited by body size

60. Amphibian Characteristics
Partially divided heart:
Atrium separated into left and right sides by septum,
ventricle is not
Right side sends oxygen-poor blood to lungs
Left side send oxygen-rich blood to organs

61. Class Amphibia
Order Anura- Frogs and toads
Order Urodela (Caudata) – Salamanders,
sirens, newts, waterdogs, mudpuppies
Order Gymnophiona (Apoda)- Caecilians

62. Class Amphibia

63. Order Anura- Frogs and Toads
Anura- without a tail
Adult carnivores
Skin with mucus and some
with poison glands
Sticky tongue, hinged at the
front, attaches to prey
Vomerine teeth- two
small nobs help hold in
prey
Hind legs adapted for jumping
Frogs are smooth w/ longer
legs
Toads are rough w/shorter
legs
Most frogs depend on water
for life cycle
Females lay eggs in water
Males fertilize them
Larvae are tadpoles
Gills
Feed on algae
Incomplete
metamorphosis
Develop into adult
frogs
Rate depends on
species and food

64. Leopard Frog and Fowler’s Toad

65. Goliath Frog- Conraua goliath
- Largest frog in world
- Found in Cameroon

66. Poison-Dart Frogs- Family
Dendrobatidae

68. Frog Characteristics
Tympanic membrane- thin
membrane that detects
vibration (eardrum)
Eustachian tubes- equalize
pressure on eardrums
Skin has mucus glands
Mucus is poisonous or foul
tasting in most
Nictitating membrane-
transparent eyelid
Two teeth in roof of mouth
Swallow food whole
Cloaca- Chamber
opening to outside of
body
Serves as exit for wastes
and gametes
-Oviduct- carries eggs to
cloaca
-Vocal Sacs- Expandable
membranes that collect air
after passing over vocal cords
for louder croaking

69. Order Urodela (Caudata- with a tail)
369 species of salamanders,
newts, sirens, amphiuma,
waterdogs, and mudpuppies
Elongated bodies w/long tails
Smooth, moist skin; Require
moisture
External fertilization in water or
moist area
Internal fertilization-
females insert sperm
packet into cloaca
Larvae gilled, carnivorous,
smaller version of adult
Some retain gills as adults
(neoteny- never lose larval
characteristics)
Salamanders

70. Axolotl
Salamander that
never loses its gills
Neoteny
Found in North
America

71. Other Urodela (Caudata)
Newt
Amphiuma
Water dog
Mud puppy

72. Order Caudata- Sirens
Aquatic salamanders
Have only front
extremities
Maintain gills
throughout life
Some can vocalize
Most likely external
fertilization

73. Order Apoda- Caecilians
Apoda- without legs
Tropical, burrowing
amphibians
Small, bony scales
embedded in skin
Legless
Carnivorous
Male deposits sperm
directly into female
Females may have live
young or lay eggs

74. 74
Class Mammalia

75. Class Mammalia
Hair
Mammary glands
Sweat glands
Two sets of teeth
Different shapes and
functions of teeth
75

76. Class Mammalia
Moveable eyelids
Two occipital condyles
Three ear bones
Muscular diaphragm
Placenta
Except two groups
Endothermic
Four chambered heart
76

77. Pelycosaurs
Synapsid reptiles from
Pennsylvanian and
Permian
300-245 MYA
Body close to ground
Legs away from body
Canine like teeth
77

78. Therapsids
Body raised off the
ground
Limbs more under the
body
Teeth differentiated
into 3 types
Secondary palate
developing
78

79. Cynodonts
Lumbar ribs reduced or absent
Well developed secondary palate
Lower jaw reduced to one bone
79

80. Transitional Fossil
Cynognathus
80

81. Early Mammals
Triassic
220 MYA
Small
Hair
Mammary glands
Skin glands
Molar teeth
81

82. Basic Mammal
82

83. Lion
83

84. Rhinoceros
84

85. Gorilla
85

86. Chimpanzee
86

87. Chimpanzee and Human
87

88. Bat
88

89. 89

90. Bats
Only flying mammal
Seed dispersal
Pollination
Control insects
90

91. Echolocation
91

92. Smallest Mammal
Kitti’s hog-nosed Bat
Bumble size
1.5 grams
92

93. Whales
Blue whale
100 feet long, 120 tons
9 story building
Loudest animal– 188 dB
Sound travels 100’s of miles
93

94. 94

95. Blue Whale
Baleen whale
Eats krill
Tiny crustaceans
400 pounds/day
Heart weighs 1000
pounds
Size of a Volkswagen
Endangered species
95

96. Grey Whale
50 feet long
35 tons
Baleen whale
Sift mud
Endangered species
96

97. Killer Whale
12,000 pounds
Eat fish, squid, seals
and whales
200 pounds/day
Swim 30 mph
97

98. Breaching
98

99. Humpback Whale
99

100. 100

101. Monotremes
Lay eggs
Incubate 12 days
Lick milk from mothers
fur
Transitional species
101

102. Marsupials
Pouched mammals
Birth to tiny embryo
Embryo attaches to
mother’s nipple to
complete development
102

103. Placental Mammals
Placenta nourishes
embryo
Long gestation period
22 months for elephant
Most successful group
of mammals
103

104. Placental Mammals
Competitive advantage
over monotremes and
marsupials
Better nutrition from
placenta
Less vulnerable to
predators
More advanced at birth
104

105. Mammal Classification
14 major orders
Over 4,000 species
About half are rodents
105

106. Order Insectivora
Sharp-snout
Small
Burrow underground
Eat insects
106

107. Order Chiroptera
Flying mammals
Elongated fingers
Echolocation
107

108. Order Carnivora
Large canine teeth
Teeth adapted to shear
flesh
108

109. Order Rodentia
Chisel-like incisor teeth
109

110. Order Proboscidea
Tusks
Largest living land
mammal
110

111. Order Artiodactyla
Two or four toes
111

112. Order Primates
Opposable thumb
Binocular vision
Fingernails usually
Mammary glands
reduced to one
thoracic pair
112

113. The End
113
The End
Thank You

114. Made by :- Harsh Ojha
Ajay Dhakad
Presented by :- Ajay Dhakad
Harsh Ojha
Abhishek Dhakad
Atul Dhakad I