Brief historical background & classification of antibiotics

Brief historical background & classification of antibiotics.

Antibiotics are defined as chemical substances or compounds produced by various species of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi, which in low concentrations destroy, kill or inhibit the growth of other species of microorganisms.

Antibiotics classification Antibiotics are usually classified based on their structure, Function and/or spectrum of activity.

1. Brief Historical Background & Classification of Antibiotics Tauhidur Rahaman Mondal Holy Mary Institute of Technology & Science (HITS), College of Pharmacy

2. Definition " Antibiotics are defined as chemical substances or compounds produced by various species of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi, which in low concentrations destroy, kill or inhibit the growth of other species of microorganisms." Greek words ‘anti’ = against ; ‘bios’ = life. Vuillemin to define antibiotics literally meaning "against life"

3. Brief Historical Background History of antibiotics can be described in WO segments early history and modern history Most important is the discovery of penicillin in by SIR Alexander Fleming. EARLY HISTORY During ancient times : Long ago before 20 century there was no proper treatment for diseases . The diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae were not identified Over 2,500 years ago , Chinese used plants and moldy cheese used to treat infected wounds. As early as 500 to 600 BC, molded curd of soybean was used in Chinese folk medicine to treat boils and carbuncles.

4. The ancient Egyptians used honey + lint (soft cotton cloth covering and protecting wounds)+lard (melted fat of pigs) used as ointment for dressing wounds. Egyptians have often been found onions in body cavities of mummies. They used onions, garlic and radish herb therapeutically. Infect they have anti-infective properties. Greeks and Indians used molds and other plants to treat infections. In Greece and Serbia, moldy bread was traditionally used to treat wounds and infections. Warm soil was used by Russians to cure infected wounds. Sumerian doctors gave patients beer soup mixed with turtle shells and snake skins. Babylonian doctors healed the eyes using a mixture of frog bile and sour milk. Sri Lankan army used oil cake (sweetmeat) to serve as antibacterial.

5. Modern History Late 1800's - Search for antibiotics began with the growing acceptance of the germ theory of disease(Louis Pasteur was one of the first recognized physicians who observed that bacteria could be used to kill other bacteria ) 1871 - The surgeon joseph lister found urine contaminated with mould couldn't kill the bacteria. 1890’s - German doctors Rudolf emmerich , Oscar low made pyocyanse from microbes. It was the first antibiotic used in hospitals but the drug did not work. 1909 - First modem chemotherapeutic agent SALVARSAN for the treatment of syphilis. (Paul Ehrlich) 1928 - Scottish bacteriologist Sir Alexander Fleming discovered enzyme lysozyme and the antibiotic substance penicillin . 1932 - Gerhard Domagk discovered Prontosil a prodrug. 1936 - Sulfanilamide the first synthetic sulfonamide in human medicine .

6. 1940 - Invention of Modern Drug Discovery: Ehrlich & The Magic Bullet means compound that selectively targets a disease causing organism while having no negative effect on human tissue. 1940 - First therapeutic use of penicillin by Floury. 1944 - Selman Waksman made Streptomycin from soil bacteria. 1948 - Chlortetracycline. 1957 - Nystatin (fungal infections ) 1970’s - New 4-quinolones( pipemidic acid,oxolinic acid,cinoxacin ) 1980 - Norfloxacin , the first fluoroquinolone. 1980 - Enroflocacin 1998 - Smithkline Beecham patented Amoxicillin/ clavulanate potassium tablets the first sold antibiotic under the trade names of Amoxil and trimox .

7. Classification Antibiotics classification Antibiotics are usually classified based on their structure, Function and/or spectrum of activity 1 . Structure molecular structure B-Lactams Beta-lactam ring Aminoglycosides vary only by side chains attached to basic structure 2 . Function how the drug works, its mode of a ction . 5 functional groups These are all compo nents or functions necessary for bacterial growth Targets for antibiotics: Inhibitors of cell wall synthesis Inhibitors of protein synthesis Inhibitors of membrane function

8. Anti-metabolites Inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis 3 . Spectrum of Activity: Narrow spectrum Broad Spectrum In these discussions, we will primarily structumal similarities also evist use the functional classification, but will point out where structural similarities also exist.

9. References TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (Synthetic & Biochemical Approach) Vol- II , by Prof. Surendra Nath Pandeya Dr. Sanjay K Pandey Principles of Medicinal Chemistry by William O.Foye . Google Search Engine.