Brief introduction to metro systems and its need, type,routing studies, basic planning and financial

notes of unit 1 of metro system and engineering as per PTU

1. Metro systems and engineering Introduction to metro systems SHUBHAM SHARMA Department of civil engineering BGIET, SANGRUR

2. Overview A metro system, also known as a subway, underground, or rapid transit system, is a type of high-capacity public transportation that typically operates on an exclusive right-of-way, underground, elevated, or at grade. It is designed to efficiently transport large numbers of passengers within urban areas, providing a quick and reliable alternative to other forms of transportation like buses or cars. The world's first rapid transit system was the partially underground Metropolitan Railway which opened in 1863 using steam locomotives Unlike buses or trams, rapid transit systems are railways, usually electric, that operate on an exclusive right-of-way, which cannot be accessed by pedestrians or other vehicles. They are often grade-separated in tunnels or on elevated railways.

3. Some famous metro systems in world The New York City Subway is the world's largest single-operator rapid transit system by number of metro stations, at 472. The Taipei Metro is one of the world's busiest rapid transit systems.

4. Needs of metro system The implementation of a metro system in a city addresses various urban challenges and can fulfil several essential needs. Here are some key reasons why cities may consider the need for a metro system: 1. Traffic Congestion Reduction: Metro systems have high passenger capacity, allowing them to transport large numbers of people quickly and efficiently, thereby reducing traffic congestion on roads. 2. Efficient Transportation: Metro systems are designed for rapid transit, offering faster travel times between destinations. Trains operate at frequent intervals, providing a reliable and timely mode of transportation. 3. Environmental Benefits: Metro systems often use electric trains, which can contribute to lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to individual car travel, promoting environmental sustainability. 4. Urban Planning and Development: The development of a metro system can act as a catalyst for urban development, stimulating economic growth, attracting businesses, and influencing land-use planning around transit hubs.

5. To be continued 5. Accessibility and Connectivity: Metro systems enhance accessibility, making it easier for residents and visitors to move around the city. They provide an alternative for individuals who may not have access to private transportation. Metro stations often serve as transportation hubs, connecting with other modes of transit such as buses, trains, and bicycles, creating an integrated transportation network. 6. Cost-Effectiveness : Public transportation, including metro systems, can be a more cost-effective option for individuals compared to owning and maintaining private vehicles. 7. Social Equity: Metro systems contribute to social equity by providing an affordable and accessible mode of transportation for a diverse range of people, irrespective of socioeconomic status. 8. Safety and Security: Metro systems are designed with safety features, controlled access points, emergency protocols, and surveillance, ensuring the safety and security of passengers.

6. To be continued 9. Time Savings: Metro systems reduce travel time, especially during peak hours, enabling passengers to reach their destinations more quickly compared to other modes of transportation. 10. Public Health: By encouraging the use of public transportation, metro systems can contribute to improved air quality and public health by reducing the number of individual vehicles on the road. 11. Economic Efficiency : Efficient public transportation systems can contribute to increased productivity by reducing the time people spend in traffic, leading to more time spent at work or engaging in other activities. In summary, the need for a metro system arises from the desire to create a sustainable, efficient, and accessible urban transportation network that addresses the challenges posed by urbanization, population growth, and the negative impacts of heavy reliance on private vehicles.

7. Types of metro systems Metro systems, also known as rapid transit or subway systems, can vary in design and technology. Different types of metro systems are deployed based on factors such as the city's geography, population density, budget constraints, and technological advancements. Here are some common types: 1. Heavy capacity rapid Transit (HCRT) : have large, powerful trains that run on exclusive, grade-separated tracks (usually underground or elevated). They are designed for high-capacity, high-speed operations in densely populated urban areas. Usually have capacity to transport 50,000 - 80,000 passengers. 2. Medium Capacity Rapid Transit (MCRT): are designed to handle medium passenger loads and are positioned between traditional heavy rail and light rail systems. They often operate on elevated or at-grade tracks. Usually have capacity to transport 50,000 passengers . 3. Light capacity rapid Transit (LCRT): use smaller, lighter trains that operate on dedicated tracks, which may be at ground level, elevated, or underground. Light rail is often used in both urban and suburban environments. Usually have capacity to transport 30,000 passengers.

8. Choice of metro system The choice of metro system type depends on factors like the city's size, population density, topography, and the specific transportation needs of the region. Cities may also implement a combination of these systems to create a comprehensive and efficient public transportation network.

9. Advantages of metro system The Metro Rail System has proven to be most efficient in terms of energy consumption, space occupancy and numbers transported. High-capacity carriers – very high volumes of peak hour peak direction trips. Eco-friendly – causes no air pollution, much less sound pollution. Low energy consumption – 20% per passenger km in comparison to road-based systems. Greater traffic capacity – carries as much traffic as 7 lanes of bus traffic or 24 lanes of car traffic (either way). Very low ground space occupation – 2 meter width only for elevated rail. Faster – reduces journey time by 50% to 75%.

10. Routing studies Routing studies for metro systems involve the analysis and planning of the routes that trains will take within the urban environment. The objective of this study is to provide an approach that can generate accurate route choice sets in metro networks considering the influences from the network topology, travel cost, and especially, the train operation information. These studies are crucial for ensuring efficiency, connectivity, and optimal use of resources. Here are key aspects of routing studies for metro systems: Demand Analysis: Analyse current and projected passenger flows within the city to determine the demand for metro services. Identify the major origins and destinations of passengers to design routes that cater to the most significant travel patterns. Network Planning: Determine the most effective route alignment, considering factors such as population density, existing transportation infrastructure, and urban development plans. Identify the locations for metro stations, ensuring convenient access for passengers and integration with other modes of transportation.

11. To be continued Feasibility Studies: Assess the technical feasibility of proposed routes, considering factors like topography, geological conditions, and engineering challenges. Conduct a financial analysis to determine the cost-effectiveness of different route options. Integration with Other Modes of Transportation: Ensure seamless integration with other modes of transportation, such as buses, trams, and commuter rail, to create a comprehensive and well-connected transit network. Identify key transfer points where passengers can easily switch between different modes of transportation. Environmental Impact Assessment: Evaluate the potential environmental impact of the proposed routes, including noise pollution, air quality, and disruption to local ecosystems. Incorporate sustainable design principles and practices in route planning to minimize the system's ecological footprint.

12. To be continued Operational Considerations: Assess the operational efficiency of proposed routes, considering factors such as train frequency, travel times, and capacity. Plan for emergency situations, including evacuation procedures, alternate routes, and disaster management. Land Use Planning: Consider the impact of the metro system on urban development. Metro stations can act as catalysts for economic growth and influence land use patterns. Social and Cultural Factors: Assess the impact of the metro system on local communities, including displacement, noise, and changes in lifestyle. Consider the preservation of cultural heritage and historical sites along the proposed routes.

13. To be continued Regulatory Compliance: Ensure that the proposed routes and infrastructure comply with local and national regulations and safety standards. Public Consultation: Engage with the public, local communities, and relevant stakeholders to gather feedback and address concerns related to the proposed routes. Routing studies for metro systems involve a multidisciplinary approach, combining engineering, urban planning, environmental science, and social considerations to create a transit network that is efficient, sustainable, and responsive to the needs of the community.

14. Basic planning and financials Planning and implementing a metro system involve various stages, including feasibility studies, route planning, design, construction, and operation. Financial considerations are integral to each stage of the process. Here's an overview of the basic planning and financial aspects of a metro system: 1. Feasibility Studies: Analyse the current and future demand for public transportation services in the urban area. Evaluate the technical feasibility of constructing and operating a metro system, considering factors like topography, geology, and engineering challenges. Conduct a preliminary financial analysis to estimate the costs and potential revenues. 2. Route Planning: Plan the metro route network based on demand analysis, considering major traffic corridors, population centre's, and key destinations. Identify suitable locations for metro stations, ensuring accessibility, intermodal connectivity, and alignment with urban development plans.

15. To be continued 3. Engineering and Design: Develop detailed engineering plans, including track alignment, station design, signalling systems, and other infrastructure details. Conduct an EIA to assess and mitigate potential environmental impacts. 4. Cost Estimates: Develop detailed cost estimates for construction, including civil works, track laying, station construction, and systems installation. Estimate costs for purchasing or leasing trains, signalling systems, and other operational equipment. 6. Financial Models: Develop revenue projections based on fare structures, ridership estimates, and potential non-fare revenue streams (e.g., advertising, property development). Estimate ongoing operating and maintenance costs, including labour, energy, and routine maintenance.

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