Brominationof alkenes

Describe Organic Chemistry Lab for the detection of a double bond in an organic compound

1. Bromination of alkenes Bromination of alkenes
Author: Dr. Robert D. Craig, Ph.DAuthor: Dr. Robert D. Craig, Ph.D
For Organic Chemistry first For Organic Chemistry first
semestersemester

2. Preparation of Organic compoundsPreparation of Organic compounds
This is This is transtrans-stilbene-stilbene

3. bromination of bromination of transtrans-stilbene-stilbene
++

4. Meso-Stilbene Di BromideMeso-Stilbene Di Bromide
The bromination of an alkene is illustrated inThe bromination of an alkene is illustrated in
this experiment. In this particular reaction,this experiment. In this particular reaction,
bromination of bromination of transtrans-stilbene-stilbene
generates a compound with two chiralgenerates a compound with two chiral
centers, leading to the possibility that the centers, leading to the possibility that the
product could be either the product could be either the
meso or the d,l diastereomer. meso or the d,l diastereomer.

5. a a plane of symmetryplane of symmetry
One of the isomers of tartaric acid is a One of the isomers of tartaric acid is a
meso compound:meso compound:


6. a a plane of symmetryplane of symmetry
MesoMeso is a prefix which, by strict definitions, is a prefix which, by strict definitions,
indicates the presence of a 17th chiral center. It indicates the presence of a 17th chiral center. It
comes from the Greek for "middle" or "mid", and comes from the Greek for "middle" or "mid", and
refers to the fact that the molecule can rotate refers to the fact that the molecule can rotate
about its middle. A meso molecule is not a about its middle. A meso molecule is not a
diastereomer because rotating either of its chiral diastereomer because rotating either of its chiral
centers doesn't change the molecule overall; a centers doesn't change the molecule overall; a
meso molecule has an internal plane of meso molecule has an internal plane of
reflection, also called a reflection, also called a plane of symmetryplane of symmetry

7. pyridinium bromide perbromidepyridinium bromide perbromide
CAS [39416-48-3]  CAS [39416-48-3]     C   C
55HH
66BrBr
33N     (MW 319.86)N     (MW 319.86)

8. The Reaction is stereospecificThe Reaction is stereospecific
The exclusive formation of the meso diastereomerThe exclusive formation of the meso diastereomer
shows that the reaction is stereospecific andshows that the reaction is stereospecific and
occurs with anti stereochemistry (mechanism occurs with anti stereochemistry (mechanism
below).below).
The bromination reagent in this experiment is The bromination reagent in this experiment is
the pyridinium salt of the tribromide ion, the pyridinium salt of the tribromide ion,
BrBr
33 which can be used as a source of Br which can be used as a source of Br
22 in some in some
reactions. reactions.

9. pyridinium bromide perbromidepyridinium bromide perbromide
This solid salt is easier and safer to handle This solid salt is easier and safer to handle
than molecular bromine. It is commonly than molecular bromine. It is commonly
known as pyridinium bromide perbromide.known as pyridinium bromide perbromide.

10. Preparation of Organic compoundsPreparation of Organic compounds
Bromination of an alkene (cyclic or acyclic) Bromination of an alkene (cyclic or acyclic)
is an example of an electrophilic addition is an example of an electrophilic addition
reaction. The reaction proceeds in two reaction. The reaction proceeds in two
stages. stages.
The first stage involves the formation of a The first stage involves the formation of a
cyclic bromonium ion intermediate. In cyclic bromonium ion intermediate. In
special circumstances,this intermediate special circumstances,this intermediate
can isolated or observed using NMR. can isolated or observed using NMR.

11. nucleophilic attacknucleophilic attack
. The second stage is a nucleophilic attack . The second stage is a nucleophilic attack
by a bromide ion on the intermediate, with by a bromide ion on the intermediate, with
inversion occurring at the carbon atom inversion occurring at the carbon atom
attacked, to yield a vicinal dibromide. attacked, to yield a vicinal dibromide.

12. MECHANISM FOR REACTION MECHANISM FOR REACTION
OF ALKENES WITH OF ALKENES WITH
HALOGENSHALOGENS
Step 1:Step 1:
The π electrons act as a nucleophile, The π electrons act as a nucleophile,
attacking the bromine, displacing a attacking the bromine, displacing a
bromide ion but forming a cationic cyclic bromide ion but forming a cationic cyclic
bromonium ion as an intermediate. bromonium ion as an intermediate.

13. π electrons act as a nucleophileπ electrons act as a nucleophile

14. bromonium ionbromonium ion

15. The second stage The second stage
This second stage is like an Sn2 process. This second stage is like an Sn2 process.
Cyclic alkenes such as cyclohexene Cyclic alkenes such as cyclohexene
provide evidence that the reaction is an provide evidence that the reaction is an
anti addition, anti addition,
The bromine atoms being introduced trans The bromine atoms being introduced trans
to one another.to one another.

16. transtrans addition. addition.
Step 2:Step 2:
Attack of the nucleophilic bromide from the Attack of the nucleophilic bromide from the
side away from the bromonium center in side away from the bromonium center in
an SN2 like fashion opens the cyclic an SN2 like fashion opens the cyclic
bromonium ion to give overall bromonium ion to give overall transtrans
addition. addition.

17. The second stageThe second stage
It is important to realize that if two different It is important to realize that if two different
groups are present on one or both of the groups are present on one or both of the
sp2 carbon atoms of the alkenesp2 carbon atoms of the alkene
linkage, chiral carbon centers are linkage, chiral carbon centers are
generated on bromination of these carbon generated on bromination of these carbon
atoms. In the case with atoms. In the case with transtrans-stilbene, two -stilbene, two
chiral centers are generated, yielding the chiral centers are generated, yielding the
meso dibromide. meso dibromide.

18. mechanism of the brominationmechanism of the bromination
Because of The absence of the d,l Because of The absence of the d,l
diastereomer confirms that thediastereomer confirms that the
reaction is stereospecifically anti. (Syn reaction is stereospecifically anti. (Syn
addition would have given d,l.)addition would have given d,l.)

19. Stereochemistry of the Addition of Stereochemistry of the Addition of
Bromine to Bromine to transtrans-stilbene -stilbene
Br
2
+
Br
Br
Br
Br
relative, not absolute, configurations shown

20. mechanism of the brominationmechanism of the bromination
Bromination of alkenes using a BrBromination of alkenes using a Br
22/CCl/CCl
44
solution (a red-brown color) is frequently solution (a red-brown color) is frequently
used as a qualitative test for the presence used as a qualitative test for the presence
of unsaturation in a compound. of unsaturation in a compound.
Rapid loss of color from the reagent is a Rapid loss of color from the reagent is a
positive test.positive test.

21. Microscale procedureMicroscale procedure
From pdf! (and book p 735)From pdf! (and book p 735)
Microscale procedureMicroscale procedure
In a reaction tube, dissolve 50 mg of E-In a reaction tube, dissolve 50 mg of E-
stilbene in 1 mL of acetic acid by heating stilbene in 1 mL of acetic acid by heating
on a steam bath on a steam bath

22. Microscale procedureMicroscale procedure
Then add 100 mg of pyridinium Then add 100 mg of pyridinium
hydrobromide perbromide.hydrobromide perbromide.
Mix by swirling!Mix by swirling!
If necessary rinse crystals of the reagent If necessary rinse crystals of the reagent
down the walls of the flask with a little down the walls of the flask with a little
acetic acid and continue heating for an acetic acid and continue heating for an
additional 1 to 2 min.additional 1 to 2 min.

23. Microscale procedureMicroscale procedure
The dibromide separates in small platesThe dibromide separates in small plates
Cool this mixture under the tap, collect the Cool this mixture under the tap, collect the
product on a Wilfilter (Fig 4.14 of page 74)product on a Wilfilter (Fig 4.14 of page 74)
Or on a Hirsh funnelOr on a Hirsh funnel

24. Cleaning UpCleaning Up
And wash it with methanol to remove any And wash it with methanol to remove any
color, the yield of colorless crystals (mp color, the yield of colorless crystals (mp
236 236
oo
C – 237 C – 237
oo
C) is 80 mg.C) is 80 mg.
Use this material to prepare the Use this material to prepare the
diphenylacetylene after determining the diphenylacetylene after determining the
percent yield and the melting pointpercent yield and the melting point

27. From pdf is the same!From pdf is the same!
In a 4" test tube, 100 mg of In a 4" test tube, 100 mg of transtrans-stilbene is -stilbene is
dissolved in 2 mL of glacial acetic acid by dissolved in 2 mL of glacial acetic acid by
heating in a bath of boilingheating in a bath of boiling
water, and then 200 mg of pyridinium bromide water, and then 200 mg of pyridinium bromide
perbromide is added. The mixture is stirred perbromide is added. The mixture is stirred
constantly with continuedconstantly with continued
heating at 100 ßC for 7 minutes. The reaction heating at 100 ßC for 7 minutes. The reaction
mixture is cooled to room temperature, and the mixture is cooled to room temperature, and the
product collected byproduct collected by
suction filtration and washed with methanol.suction filtration and washed with methanol.

29. http://www.aug.edu/~tcrute/lab_experimenhttp://www.aug.edu/~tcrute/lab_experimen
ts/3411%20lab%20Br2%20stilbene-briefts/3411%20lab%20Br2%20stilbene-brief
%20report.doc%20report.doc

30.  CHEM3411CHEM3411
 Stereochemistry of the Addition of Bromine to Stereochemistry of the Addition of Bromine to transtrans-stilbene-stilbene
 You will prepare dl- and meso-1,2-dibromo-1,2-diphenylethane (two diastereomers of stilbene dibromide) by an addition reaction to trans-stilbene. These products will not You will prepare dl- and meso-1,2-dibromo-1,2-diphenylethane (two diastereomers of stilbene dibromide) by an addition reaction to trans-stilbene. These products will not
be formed in equal amounts. Isolation by recrystallization and melting point determination of one diastereomer will allow characterization of the diastereomer ratio.be formed in equal amounts. Isolation by recrystallization and melting point determination of one diastereomer will allow characterization of the diastereomer ratio.
 Before y ou com e to labBefore y ou com e to lab
 Review textbook concerning the bromination of alkenes. It is essential that you perform a Review textbook concerning the bromination of alkenes. It is essential that you perform a high yieldinghigh yielding recrystallization to yield recrystallization to yield purepure product, thus you should review product, thus you should review
recrystallization in Zubrick. Complete usual pre-lab. Read the sections of your textbook about meso and dl (or chiral) diastereomers.recrystallization in Zubrick. Complete usual pre-lab. Read the sections of your textbook about meso and dl (or chiral) diastereomers.
 ProcedureProcedure
 Bromination of trans-stilbeneBromination of trans-stilbene
 Carry out the reaction in the fume hood. To a 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask is added 0.3 g (record exact mass) of Carry out the reaction in the fume hood. To a 50 mL Erlenmeyer flask is added 0.3 g (record exact mass) of transtrans-stilbene and 3.0 mL of dichloromethane. To this stirred -stilbene and 3.0 mL of dichloromethane. To this stirred
mixture is added sufficient 10% bromine/dichloromethane solution to ensure, mixture is added sufficient 10% bromine/dichloromethane solution to ensure, based on colorbased on color, a slight excess of bromine (usually 3 mL or less). Stopper and clamp the , a slight excess of bromine (usually 3 mL or less). Stopper and clamp the
flask and place in an ice-water bath for crystallization. The bromine color may disappear to leave an overall yellow color. Take the cooled sample to the bench and flask and place in an ice-water bath for crystallization. The bromine color may disappear to leave an overall yellow color. Take the cooled sample to the bench and
suction-filter the crude product. Rinse the crystals with about 1 mL of cold dichloromethane. Blot dry to yield the crude product.suction-filter the crude product. Rinse the crystals with about 1 mL of cold dichloromethane. Blot dry to yield the crude product.
 Preparation of a pure samplePreparation of a pure sample
 Precisely weigh a small portion (certainly less than 0.1 g- actually about 0.05 g works quite well) of the crude product and recrystallize from methanol. Use your 125 mL Precisely weigh a small portion (certainly less than 0.1 g- actually about 0.05 g works quite well) of the crude product and recrystallize from methanol. Use your 125 mL
Erlenmeyer to ensure enough capacity for the proper amount of solvent. Hot, gravity filtration is probably unnecessary for lack of insoluble impurities. Isolate the product Erlenmeyer to ensure enough capacity for the proper amount of solvent. Hot, gravity filtration is probably unnecessary for lack of insoluble impurities. Isolate the product
by suction filtration through the cone shaped porcelain funnel (Hirsh funnel). Dry the crystals as much as possible by allowing air to suck through them for several by suction filtration through the cone shaped porcelain funnel (Hirsh funnel). Dry the crystals as much as possible by allowing air to suck through them for several
minutes.minutes.
 AnalysisAnalysis
 Measure the mass of your crude product (mixture of diastereomers). Account for the mass removed for recrystallization, and calculate the percent yield of the reaction Measure the mass of your crude product (mixture of diastereomers). Account for the mass removed for recrystallization, and calculate the percent yield of the reaction
based on the limiting reactant. For your recrystallized product, measure the melting point to identify the diastereomer (literature values: dl-stilbene dibromide- 113-114°C based on the limiting reactant. For your recrystallized product, measure the melting point to identify the diastereomer (literature values: dl-stilbene dibromide- 113-114°C
and meso-stilbene dibromide 237°C). Measure the mass of the pure diastereomer and, based on the amount of crude product you purified, calculate the ratio of products and meso-stilbene dibromide 237°C). Measure the mass of the pure diastereomer and, based on the amount of crude product you purified, calculate the ratio of products
assuming the remaining mass is the other diastereomer.assuming the remaining mass is the other diastereomer.
 Turn in the carbon copies of your prelab and raw data from your observation at this time. You will complete your report in your notebook and turn in the original portions Turn in the carbon copies of your prelab and raw data from your observation at this time. You will complete your report in your notebook and turn in the original portions
for the prelab and results in addition to your additional analysis (see next page) for grading.for the prelab and results in addition to your additional analysis (see next page) for grading.

 Brief Report Guideli neBrief Report Guideli ne
 In your notebook, following the section on in-lab data and observations complete the following:In your notebook, following the section on in-lab data and observations complete the following:
 Summarize the results (calculated in the analysis above) ofSummarize the results (calculated in the analysis above) of
 yield of reaction (based on limiting reactant and the mass of the crude product mixture of diastereomers- show calculations!)yield of reaction (based on limiting reactant and the mass of the crude product mixture of diastereomers- show calculations!)
 ratio of meso to dl diastereomers (based on the pure sample- mass of pure compared to the recrystalized crude- show calculations)ratio of meso to dl diastereomers (based on the pure sample- mass of pure compared to the recrystalized crude- show calculations)
 observed melting point with a comparison to the expected melting point possibilitiesobserved melting point with a comparison to the expected melting point possibilities
 your conclusion about the identity of pure product that was isolated from the mixtureyour conclusion about the identity of pure product that was isolated from the mixture
 Discuss the following concisely:Discuss the following concisely:
 Show mechanism(s) that account for the formation of each diastereomer. Explain why each might occur. (Hint: a particular mechanism might give both diastereomers. Show mechanism(s) that account for the formation of each diastereomer. Explain why each might occur. (Hint: a particular mechanism might give both diastereomers.
There also might be more than one mechanism that will make a particular diastereomer) Suggest (with good reasons to back up your suggestions) particular parts of the There also might be more than one mechanism that will make a particular diastereomer) Suggest (with good reasons to back up your suggestions) particular parts of the
procedure that were the weak points (inherent problems with the general method involved and, if appropriate, any mistakes you made that affected your measurements) in procedure that were the weak points (inherent problems with the general method involved and, if appropriate, any mistakes you made that affected your measurements) in
your ability to measure the ratio of diastereomer.your ability to measure the ratio of diastereomer.

31. REU: Research Experiences REU: Research Experiences
for Undergraduatesfor Undergraduates
University of Nevada NSF-REU summer University of Nevada NSF-REU summer
program in chemistry. program in chemistry.
Program in the summer of 2011 or 2012. Program in the summer of 2011 or 2012.
Students interested in the REU program in Students interested in the REU program in
general should consult the NSF web site for a general should consult the NSF web site for a
listing of programs available nation-wide: listing of programs available nation-wide:

33. REU: Research Experiences REU: Research Experiences
for UndergraduatesResearch for UndergraduatesResearch
Experience for Undergraduates (REU) Experience for Undergraduates (REU)
ProgramProgram
A program funded by the National Science A program funded by the National Science
Foundation (NSF)Foundation (NSF)

34. Charlie from Charlie’s AngelsCharlie from Charlie’s Angels

35. Charlie was pretty cool too!Charlie was pretty cool too!
For the girls, not to be sexist!For the girls, not to be sexist!
..

36. Charlie always had info for the Charlie always had info for the
angelsangels

37. Never saw him??? Kinda strange? Never saw him??? Kinda strange?
But, you got use to it.But, you got use to it.

38. How to synthesize a compound?How to synthesize a compound?
My job is to give you some info as well!My job is to give you some info as well!
Synthesis of organic compoundsSynthesis of organic compounds

39. What can I do with this info???What can I do with this info???
He is warm, funny, and intelligent, and often He is warm, funny, and intelligent, and often
helps the Angels either with background helps the Angels either with background
information! information!

40. Determination of configurationDetermination of configuration
..

41. The Preparation of compoundsThe Preparation of compounds
..

42. StilbeneStilbene
Stilbene used as a LASER dyeStilbene used as a LASER dye