Bt cotton

This slide contain detailed about genetically modified cotton in India

1. Welcome to Master’s Credit Seminar R. AROCKIA INFANT PAUL (2018610202), II M.Sc., (Ag.) Department of Agronomy Agricultural College & Research Institute, Madurai.

2. Genetically Modified cotton in India

3. List of contents Genetically Modified Crop Objectives and need of GM crops GM traits in cotton History and trends of Bt cotton Herbicide resistant Cotton (HRC) Resistant mechanism of HR cotton Advantage and disadvantage of HRC Future lines of work Conclusion

4. Genetically Modified (GM) Crop GM crops are developed by a process of genetic modification by which selected genes are inserted from one organism into p lant to enhance desirable characteristics (‘ traits’) or to suppress undesirable traits .

5. O bjective of GM crop Increase the plant biotic and abiotic resistance Enhance the nutritional and product quality Used as an analytical tool for gene regulation

6. Need for GM crops? Reduce the use of pesticides for pest control Globally, 2.72 billion kg of pesticides consumed annually to control pests- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Develop the pest resistant crops to reduce the usage of pesticide and make healthy environment . Eg ) Bt crops Reduce the malnutrition In India, 872.9 million peoples are undernourished and 53 out of 1000 children die due to malnutrition (FAO). Develop the food to meet the nutritional security and make healthy generation. Eg ) Golden rice

7. Cont … Reduce the food waste Every year 1/3 of the world’s food lost due to improper storage and processing (FAO). Develop the longer self life fruits and vegetables to reduce the food waste- Flaver Saver Tomato (45 days). Alex Phillippidis , 2016 Phytoremediation Indiscriminative use of synthetic inputs, industrialization and urbanization activities increase the heavy metal pollution. Introduction of hyper accumulation of heavy metal transgenic plants reduce the pollution- transgenic tobacco (mercury) Meagher, 2000

8. Cont … Improve the crop quality Develop the abiotic (frost and flood) resistant crop Develop the disease resistant crop- PRSV resistant papaya Reduce the weeding cost Weeds and crops have similar life cycle and weeds caused 45 % of crop yield losses ( Korav et al., 2018). D evelop the herbicide resistant crops, and weeds are controlled by spraying of broad spectrum herbicides.

9. Global adoption to GM crop ISAAA, 2014

10. Cotton World most important annual fibre crop It’s called as “White gold” and king of appraisal fiber. High value commercial crop- earns Rs . 23,70,753 lakh/ yr value foreign exchange ( Ministry of Textiles GOI, 2015-16 )

11. GM Traits in cotton Pest resistant cotton (Bt cotton) Herbicide resistant cotton

12. Why Bt cotton? In India , 162 species of insect pests attack different stages of cotton . Among that, sucking pest complex effectively controlled by IPM method. The bollworms are most important tissue feeders and highly damaging pest in cotton. Three types of bollworms are American bollworm ( Helicoverpa armigera ), Pink bollworm ( Pectionphora gossypiella ) and Spotted bollworm ( Earias vitella ). Helicoverpa as a key pest all over the country and causing 80 % losses in cotton . In, 2001-02 cotton yield is reduced to 50% in North Zone of India .

13. Cont … The country was producing only 2.3 m bales of short and medium staple cotton from 4.4 million ha (with production of 188 kg lint / ha). Bollworm control alone takes a heavy amount, nearly Rs.12 billion in India (Gupta et al., 2001). CICR Technical bulletin no: 22 2003

14. History of Bt cotton 1901-Bt discovered by Ishiwata 1956- “crystalline” Bt cry protein - Hannay , James and Angus 1961  - Bt was registered as a pesticide to the EPA 1989- Rules for GM cells was notified by the Ministry of Environment and Forest under Environmental Production Act (1986) 1995- Transgenic plant field experiment was started in Haryana 2002- Bt cotton hybrid was approved for commercial cultivation Genetic Engineering Approval Committee (GEAC) - monitoring GM crops in India

15. Types of Cry protein Cry proteins Effective control of pest o rder Cry I Lepidoptera Cry II Lepidoptera and Diptera Cry III Coleoptera Cry IV Diptera Cry V Lepidoptera and Diptera

16. Cont … First commercial Bt hybrids in India- MECH 12, MECH 162, MECH 184. In 2004, RCH 2 was developed by Rasi seeds. 39 seed company developed 1097 Bt hybrids in India by the six events (ISAAA, 2014). GFM Event Nath seeds Fused gene of cry 1Ab and cry 1Ac 2006

17. Trends of cotton in India

18. Cont … 1991-225 kg/ha 2018- 433 kg/ha Indiastat , 2018-19

19. Cont …

20. Cont …

21. Trends of cotton % Area ( Gossypium sp ) Before Bt After Bt G. hirsutum 69 G. hirsutum 90 G. arboreum 17 G. arboreum 4 G. herbaceum 11 G. herbaceum 5 G. barbadense 3 G. barbadense 1 Singh, 2009

22. Popular B t cotton hybrid in India Zone Bt hybrid North zone MIST BG II, BIOSEED 6488 BG II, GRAND BG II, JAI BG II, NIKKI BG II, RAGHAV BG II, SP 7007 BG II, BUNNY BG II, JKCH 1947 BG, PANCHAM BG II Central zone Mallika BG II, Dyna BG II, A-155 BG II, RCH 2 BG II, Trust BG II, MRC 7351 BG II, Jadoo BG II, Jai BG II, James BG I, Minerva BG II, Mahadev BG II South zone RCH 2, RCH 20, RCH 144, RCH 602 BG II, RCH 659 BG II, RCH 779 BG II, RCH 2 BG II, JKCHB Chamundi Bt, Mallika BG II, Dyna BG II, Trust BG II, Brent BG II Narayanan et al., 2011

23. Cont … Seed rate kg/ha Spacing cm No of seeds per hole Variety 15 75 × 15, 60 × 30 2-3 Hybrid 2.5-3.5 90 × 60, 120 × 40 1-2 Bt hybrid 1.5 120 × 60, 120 × 40 1-2 Kranthi , 2012

24. Mechanism of pest control

25. Krishna and Qaim , 2010 Bt cotton and sustainability of pesticide reductions in India

26. Choudhary and Kadambini , 2014 Cont …

27. Cotton Association of India weekly report, 2016 After Bt introduction the rate of fertilizer consumption/ha was increased due to high boll retention per plant

28. Cont … 1999 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 Fertilizer kg/ha 99 91 94 96 98 112 118 131 140 164 171 206 222 197 224 Pesticide kg/ha 1.45 1.35 1.53 1.4 1.3 1.05 .67 .50 .59 .66 .71 .56 .63 .67 .77 Amar Singh, 2016

29. Cont … Gandhi and Namboodiri , 2009

30. Cont … 2012- Maharashtra banned the sale and distribution of Bt cotton, to promote local Indian seeds, which demand less water, fertilizers and pesticide input. 2013- State revoked the ban ( Vivek Deshpande, 2013 ). 2018- Bt hybrid seed cost Rs.750 per packet and Rs.39 paid by seed company to Monsanto. 2018- ICAR identified three cotton varieties ( F1861 , PAU Bt 1 and RS 2013) contain cry 1Ac.

31. Herbicide resistant crop HRC’s is the inherited ability of a plant to withstand a particular herbicide at substantially greater than the recommended dosage to which the original population was susceptible..

32. History of HRC’s 1984- F irst HRC is Triazine -resistant canola 1995- Commercial cultivation of HRC’s in north and south America. Status of GM crop in world-2015

33. Herbicide resistant cotton Resistance trait Commercial sale Bromoxynil 1995 Glyphosate 1996 Sulfonylureas 1997 Glufosinate 2004 Reddy and Nandula , 2012

34. Resistant mechanism of HR cotton Bromoxynil resistant cotton The herbicide inhibit the electron transport in Photosystem II. Resistant cotton contain BXN gene from Klebsiella pneumoniae- enhance degradation .

35. Cont … Glufosinate resistant cotton The herbicide inhibit glutamine synthetase. b ar, pat gene from Streptomyces hygroscopicus Manaco et al., 2008

36. Glyphosate resistant cotton (Roundup Ready cotton) Cont … CP4 EPSPS

37. Glyphosate resistant cotton in India Monsanto developed the Roundup Ready (RR) cotton RR cotton permits application of glyphosate- vegetative stage RR Flex cotton permits application of glyphosate- reproductive stage RR Flex cotton trails in India conducted by Monsanto. The commercial cultivation of RRC not approved by government. 2018-19, farmers started the illegal cultivation of RRC in AP, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Telangana and Punjab (Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare).

38. Per cent rating of phytotoxic effects in glyphosate resistant transgenic cotton (MRC 7347 BG- II RRF test hybrid) Treatment 7 DAHS 14DAHS 21 DAHS Glyphosate. @900 g/ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 Glyphosate @1350 g/ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 Glyphosate @1800 g/ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 Glyphosate@ 2700 g/ha 0.0 0.0 0.0 Glyphosate @3600 g/ha 3.0 3.0 2.0 Glyphosate@ 5400 g/ha 4.0 4.0 3.0 HW on 15 and 30 DAS 0.0 0.0 0.0 Unweeded check 0.0 0.0 0.0 DAHS = Days after herbicide spray Chinnusamy , 2014

39. Yield attributes in Glyphosate resistant cotton 2009-10 2010-11 Treatment No of bolls plant -1 Boll weight g boll -1 Seed cotton yield (kg ha -1 ) No of bolls plant -1 Boll weight g boll -1 Seed cotton yield (kg ha -1 ) Glyphosate @900 g/ha 57.3 5.10 2607 50.64 4.92 2470 Glyphosate @1350 g/ha 58.3 5.23 2841 52.47 5.02 2575 Glyphosate @1800 g/ha 59.7 5.72 2984 55.64 5.31 2846 Glyphosate@ 2700 g/ha 63.3 5.86 3195 60.34 5.74 3092 Glyphosate @3600 g/ha 58.3 5.70 3114 57.12 5.34 3023 Glyphosate@ 5400 g/ha 59.0 5.32 2849 54.87 4.98 2753 HW on 15 and 30 DAS 53.7 4.85 2504 49.21 4.82 2323 Unweeded check 35.7 4.06 839 30.52 4.27 713 SEd 2.88 0.24 157.8 3.34 0.25 144.2 CD 5.70 0.42 322.6 6.62 0.48 286.3

40. Advantages of HRC Transgenic herbicide resistant crops decrease the risk of crop injury.   Excellent weed control, hence higher crop yields. Flexibility – possible to control weeds on later stages. The available herbicide can be used in large number of crops. Limitations in the choice of rotation crops can be reduced.

41. Limitations of HR Cs Herbicide resistant crops (HRCs) promotes increased use of herbicides. Exclusive and repetitive use of a specific herbicide may develop resistant weeds. HRCs may lead to abandonment of alternative weed control practices. Loss of farm biodiversity. Increased herbicide residues in food, feed & water. Every year farmer has to purchase seeds from seed developer.

42. Future lines of work Develop the multiple gene protease inhibitors ( vip 3A, cry 1C, cry 1 F) for control of bollworms and leaf feeding caterpillars in cotton. Develop the sucking pest (jassid) resistant cotton. Cotton is very sensitive to 2,4-D drift- develop the 2,4-D resistant cotton using tfdA gene. Develop the multiple herbicide resistant cotton- avoid weed resistance. Green et al ., 2014

43. Biotechnology is an important tool to develop the transgenic crop for effective cropping. Introduction of improved trait in cotton help the farmers to reach the optimum profits. Lack of awareness about Bt, the laggards have hesitation to adopt the bt cotton. Researches found that bt cotton should not have any adverse effect to animals, poultry, human and environment ( Mayaee et al., 2004). Government and NGO should create awareness to people for bt cotton adoption. Globally, greater attention and more proactive intervention is necessary to develop the ecofriendly GM crop for sustainable crop production . Conclusion

44. Thank You