Building Industrial Training report for CIVIL ENGINEERING

SDO CIVIL COMPLEX RATIA, Training report start from 22/06/2020 to 27/08/2020. (Tehsil of ratia)

1. A PROJECT REPORT
ON
SUMMER INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE
AWARD OF

DIPLOMA IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
( 2018 – 2021 )

SUBMITTED TO
GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, DHANGAR

SUBMITTED BY

Mr. SATVIR SINGH START DATE:- 22-06-2020

ROLL NO. 181650700032 END DATE:- 27-08-2020



GUIDE BY
Er. RAJIV KUMAR






GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, DHANGAR

2. INDEX
SECTION CONTENT
Certificate
Acknowledgement
Project details
Section-1 Introduction
1.1 Types of buildings
1.2 Safety induction
1.3 Site location

Section-2 Construction steps of building
2.1 Site clearance
2.2 Surveying and layout
2.3 Excavation
2.4 Foundation
2.5 Concreting
2.6 Wall construction
2.7 Beams & columns construction
2.8 Slab construction
Section-3 Materials& equipment’s
3.1 Materials used at site
3.2 Equipment’s used
Section-5 Flooring
5.1 Baroda Green Flooring
5.2 HR Tile Tracing
Section-6 Other images

3. GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, DHANGAR

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This project is done as a major project titled SDO CIVIL COMPLEX
RATIA, a part of course CIVIL ENGINEERING.

We are really thankful to the HOD RAJIV KUMAR, CIVIL ENGINEERING,
Govt. Polytechnic, Dhangar, for their invaluable guidance and
assistance, without which the accomplishment of the task would have
never been possible.

We also thank PWD B&R FATEHABAD, for giving us this opportunity to
explore the real world and c o mpl e t e m y p r o j e c t wo rk i n l i mi t e d
t im e f r am e .

We are also thankful to our parents, friends and all staff of CIVIL
ENGINEERING for providing us relevant information, necessary
clarifications, and great support.


SATVIR SINGH

CIVIL ENGINEERING

V SEM

4. PROJECT DETAIL

Project name: SDO Civil Complex located at Ratia (Fatehabad) launched by PWD B&R
FATEHABAD and Contract for the construction of this building awarded to GARG &
COMPANY KARNAL





Scope: Design and contruction of building including car parking, service road.

1) No of floor - 2 2) Estimated Cost - 8 crores

3) Construction Period- 18 months 4) Concrete use – M20

5. SECTION-1

INTRODUCTION

The basics needs of human existences are food, clothing’s & shelter. From
times immemorial man has been making efforts in improving their standard of
living. The point of his efforts has been to provide an economic and efficient
shelter. The possession of shelter besides being a basic, used, gives a feeling of
security, responsibility and shown the social status of man.
Every human being has an inherent liking for a peaceful environment needed
for his pleasant living, this object is achieved by having a place of living
situated at the safe and convenient location, such a place for comfortable
and pleasant living requires considered and kept in view.
■ A Peaceful environment.

■ Safety from all natural source & climate conditions

■ General facilities for community of his residential area.


The engineer has to keep in mind the municipal conditions, building
bye laws, environment, financial capacity, water supply, sewage
arrangement, provision of future, aeration, ventilation etc., in suggestion a
particular type of plan to any client.

6. 1.1-TYPES OF BUILDING

Buildings are classified on the basis of character of occupancy and type of use
as.
1.1.1-Residential Building
1.1.2-Educational Building
1.1.3-Institutional Building
1.1.4-Industrial Building
1.1.1-RESIDENTIAL BUILDING:

In such building sleeping accommodation is provided. IT includes the living
room, bed room, kitchen, hall, toilet and bath room. It may be a single storey
building or apartments.
1.1.2-EDUCATIONAL BUILDING:

These includes any building using for school, college, assembly for
instruction, education or recreation.
1.1.3-INSTITUTIONAL BUILDING:

These building are used for different purposes, such as medical or other
treatment or care of a person suffering from a physical or mental illnesses.
These building includes hospital, sanatoria, jail etc.
1.1.4-INDUSTRIAL BUILDING:

These are buildings in which products or material s of all kind of properties
are fabricated, assembled, processed. For example refineries, gas plant,
mills etc.

7. 1.2-SAFETY INDUCTION

Safety is very important part of any work. An induction video was showed
which highlighted the need and importance of safety at construction site. Most
accidents can be prevented by taking simple measures or adopting proper
working procedures. It is very important to discuss issues on safety and health
that should be paid attention to on construction sites for easy reference by the
workers. If we work carefully and take appropriate safety measures, there will
definitely be fewer work injury cases, and our sites will become a safe and
secure place to work in. It is important to educate everyone in the site
regarding safety for following purposes.
■ Workers safety

■ Construction progress

■ Standard procedure

■ Legal cases

■ Working efficiency


Precautions at site for safety-

■ Wear protective equipment.

■ Do not drink or take drugs while working.

■ Pay attention to personal hygiene.

8. Helmet
■ Do not play in the workplace.

■ Report to your supervisor immediately if you notice any unsafe condition.

1.2.1Equipment used for safety at construction
site-

Harnesses




















Nets















1.2.2.Possible types of accidents and ill health

9. ■ Construction Site Fall ■Crane Accidents

■ Scaffolding Accidents ■Electrical Accidents

■ Trench Collapses ■Fires and Explosions

■ Welding Accidents ■Cutting Accidents

■ Structure Failure ■Building Collapse

■ Supervisor Negligence ■Punch Press Malfunctions

■ Compressor Accidents ■Exploding Compressor

■ Gas Explosions During Welding ■Run-Over by Operating Equipment

■ Unsafe/ Dangerous Equipment Accidents


1.3 SITE LOCATION

SDO CIVIL COMPLEX, BEHIND TEHSIL SH-21,RATIA

1.3.1Advantages of this site

■ Land.

■ Store.

■ Parking space.

■ Jail.

■ Service Road.

10. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

11. SECTION-2

CONSTRUCTION STEPS INVOLVED IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS

2.1 Site clearance.

2 2 Surveying and layout.

2.3 Excavation.

2.4 Bar binding and positioning of foundation steel.

2.5 Concreting.

2.6 wall construction.

2.7 Beam and Columns.

2.8 Finishing and whitewashing.


2.1 SITE CLEARANCE

A no of conditions determine the kind of building that may be erected on a
plot of ground. These conditions determine where on the plot it may be
located. There are also convenants that are legally binding regulations. These
may be setting height of building, prohibit utility of buildings or ban rooftop
network towers etc.
Zoning laws regulate the setback and other factors that play into equation
of house location a lot. Septic tanks also require special considerations and
a certificate of occupancy is also required for some loaning and legal
processes.

12. 2.2 SURVEYING AND LAYOUT

Survey is the first step done in any construction site so as to get the required
level of surface. It is also used in level transferrin during construction of
retaining wall.

Generally at site survey is carried out by following two instruments.

A-Total station
B-Auto level
A-Total Station: A total station is an electronic/optical instrument used in
modern surveying and building construction. The total station is an electronic
theodolite (transit) integrated with an electronic distance meter (EDM) to
read slope distances from the instrument to a particular point. By this
instrument we can measure Angle, Distance, Coordinate and also Data
Processing.


Advantages: The following are some of the major advantages of using
total station over the conventional surveying instruments
1. Field work is carried out very fast.

2. Accuracy of measurement is high.

3. Manual errors involved in reading and recording are eliminated.

4. Calculation of coordinates is very fast and accurate. Even corrections
for temperature and pressure are automatically made.
5. Computers can be employed for map making and plotting contour and
cross- sections. Contour intervals and scales can be changed in no time.

13. B-Auto level: It is a leveling instrument which was on site checking the
elevations of various points.
Auto level is a modified form of dumpy level. We used auto level to transfer the
level of ground to retaining wall and setting thickness of slab in which first of
all marking was made to fix the level of particular elevations then casting of
slab was performed.
Transferring of surface level to Toe wall
1 – Set the auto level at the building floor
level. 2 – Level the instrument.
3 – Take the staff reading at point also on floor level surface.

4 – Locate the staff on the foundation of Toe wall and adjust the staff in such
a way so that reading of staff is same as staff reading in step 3.

14. 2.3 EXCAVATION

Excavation work on the site was being done by the JCB Machines and
excavated soil was transferred using dumpers.
Following measures should be prevented while excavation work.

1-There should be proper timbering while excavation for basement
area. 2-Dewatering should be done before construction work.
3- During rainy season excavation work should be avoided.






Excavation of soil for construction of Toe Wall.

15. 2.4 FOUNDATION


Footings are strips of concrete or filled concrete blocks placed under
foundation wall. Gravel or crushed stone footings may also be used. The
purpose of footing is to transfer the loads safely in the ground.
Generally in high rise buildings three types of footings are provided

■ Isolated Footing-

An isolated footing is used to support the load on a single column. It is usually
either square or rectangular in plan. It represents the simplest, most
economical type and most widely used footing. Whenever possible, square
footings are provided so as to reduce the bending moments and shearing
forces at their critical
sections. Isolated footings are used in case of light column loads, when
columns are not closely spaced. An isolated footing must, therefore, be
provided by two sets of reinforcement bars placed on top of the other near the
bottom of the footing. In case of property line restrictions, footings may be
designed for eccentric loading or combined footing is used as an alternative to
isolated footing.

16. ■ Combined footing-

Whenever a column is to be provided near the edge of property and it may not
be permissible to extend the footing beyond a certain limit. In such a case, the
load on the footing will be eccentric and hence this will result in uneven
distribution of load to the supporting soil. Hence, an alternative design would
be to provide a common footing to the edge column and to an interior column
close to it.
Combined footings under two or more columns are used under closely
spaced, heavily loaded interior columns where individual footings, if they
were provided, would be either very close to each other, or overlap each
other. This footing is called “combined footing”.
A view of Isolated and Combined footings at construction site

ISOLATED FOOTINGS COMBINED FOOTINGS

17. ■ Raft footing or Mat footing-

This is a footing that covers the entire area under the structure. This footing is
used when very heavy loads of building are to be transmitted to the underlying
soil having very low and differential bearing capacities. Due to its rigidity, it
minimizes differential settlement. There are several types of raft foundation in
use. The most common types are; the flat slab and the slab-beam types
Raft footings are provided in following cases-

■ When the ground water table is high, rafts are often placed over piles to
control buoyancy.
■ When isolated footings for column overlap on each other.

■ When total area of footing slab is more than50% of total area.

■ Where underground flooring is required this type of footing is provided
and it serves as footing as well as floor.

18. 2.5 CONCRETING

After shuttering and scaffolding concreting should be done.

During concreting following equipment’s are used-

■ Concrete mixer.

■ Mounted concrete pump.

■ Concrete vibrators (e.g. Needle vibrator, plate/ surface vibrator etc.).

During concreting work following instructions should be followed-

■ There should be proper compaction of poured concrete.

■ There should be spacers to provide cover to reinforcement.

■ There should be proper curing of concrete construction.

19. 2.6 WALL CONSTRUCTION

In framed structure generally brick walls are constructed for partition purpose
and half brick walls are made. But at the site no wall was constructed with
brick because it was a high rise building. All the walls were constructed as RCC
wall because these acts as a shear wall and provide horizontal stability to
building and reduces the deflection.
Workers at site during forming work for RCC wall construction

20. 2.7 BEAMS AND COLUMNS

In framed structure fixed type beams are constructed. In such type of
beams proper reinforcement should be done for positive as well as
negative bending moments.
In such type of structures short columns are constructed with minimum eccentricity. In
square or rectangular shaped columns min. 4 no’s of 12 mm diameter bars must be
used and spacing should not be more than as per code IS Code 456:2000.

22. 2.8 SLAB CASTING

Slabs are of following types-

■ One way slab-

In one way slab load transfer occurs only in one direction. For one way slab
aspect ratio should be more than or equal to 2. In one way slab reinforcement
calculated is provided only in shorter direction and in other direction
distribution steel is provided.
■ Two way slab-

In two way slab load transfer occurs in both the directions. For two way slab
aspect ratio should be less than 2. In two way slab reinforcement is provided
in both shorter and longer directions and at the supports negative
reinforcement is also provided.

23. SECTION-3

MATERIALS

3.1 MATERIALS USED FOR CONSTRUCTION AT SITE

At the construction site following materials were being used

3.1.1. Cement

The function of cement is to combine with water and to form cement paste.
This paste first sets i.e. it becomes firms and then hardens due to chemical
reaction, called hydration, between the cement and water. On setting &
hardening, the cement binds the aggregate together into a stone like hard
mass & thus provides strength, durability & water-tighten to the concrete.
Quality of cement is based on grade of cement. The grades of cement are as-
■ 33 Grades

■ 43 Grades

■ 53 Grades

■ At the site Portland cement of 53 grades (ULTRATECH CEMENT) was used.

■ The initial setting time of cement = 30 minutes (1/2 hr.)

■ The final setting time of cement = 10 hrs.

24. 3.1.2. Aggregate-

Aggregates are small pieces of broken stones in irregular size and shapes.

Neat cement is very rarely used in construction works since it is liable to shrink
too much and become cracks on setting. Moreover, it will be costly to use neat
cement
in construction work. Therefore cement is mixed with some inert strong &
durable hard materials.
They also reduce the cost of concrete because they are comparative much
cheaper as cement.
Types of aggregates:

■ Fine Aggregate

■ Coarse Aggregate

■ Fine aggregate (sand)-

The aggregate, which pass through 4.75 mm, I.S. sieve and entirely retain on
75 micron (.075mm) I.S. sieve is known as fine aggregate.

Function of fine aggregate

The function of using fine aggregate in a concrete mix is to fill up the voids
existing in the coarse aggregate and to obtain a dense and strong concrete with
less quantity of cement and increase the workability of the concrete mix.

■ Coarse aggregate-
The aggregate, which pass through 75 mm I.S. sieve and entirely retain on 4.75
I.S. sieve is known as coarse aggregates.

25. 8 mm dia lateral ties 20mm dia longitudional bars
At construction site aggregate used are as follows

Coarse aggregate of 20mm size.

Coarse aggregate of 12.5 mm size (As per concrete mix
design). Fine aggregate in form of coarse sand.



3.1.3 Reinforcement

26. The material that develops a good bond with concrete in order to increase
its strength is called reinforcement. Steel bars are highly strong in tension,
shear, bending moment, torsion and compression.
■ Function of reinforcement-

Reinforcement working as a tension member because concrete is strong in
compression and week in tension so reinforcement resists the tensile
stresses in the concrete members. At the site contractor using the high
strength steel bars and T.M.T. (Thermo Mechanically Treated) bars of
diameter 8 mm, 10 mm, 16 mm, & 32 mm as per requirement of design.
At construction site 8 mm, 10 mm, 16 mm, & 32 mm (T.M.T.) reinforcement
bars were being used.
The bars were of grade Fe415 for 8mm and Fe500 for other diameter
bars. The bars were of brand TATA TISCON.
■ The main reason of using steel bars in RCC is that, the coefficients of
thermal expansion of steel bars and concrete is of approximately equal
value.

27. 3.1.4 Fly ash-

At the site, a small amount of fly ash was also being used which is produced
by burning of coal in thermal power plants.
The main advantages of using fly ash in building construction are as follows-

■ It is free of cost.

■ It’s consumption reduces environmental pollution.

■ It has a fair quality of bonding properties.

3.1.5 Admixtures-

Admixtures are generally used to affect workability of concrete mix and to
reduce water content. Admixtures also increases the target mean strength of
concrete
At the site HYPERPLAST PC- 711 (MADE BY- DON CHEMICALS) admixture
was being used to increase workability and to reduce quantity of water in
concrete mix.
Types of admixtures-

■ Accelerators

■ Retarders

■ Water reducers/plasticizers/superplasticizers

■ Air entraining agents

■ Bonding admixtures

28. 3.1.6Other materials-

■ Stone dust

■ Plywood

3.2-EQUIPMENTS USED

3.2.1 Concrete pump

3.2.2 Rotary mixer for transporting
R.M.C. 3.2.3Crane
3.2.4Boom pump (used in construction of retaining wall where transportation of
R.M.C. was very difficult because of excavation
work) 3.2.5Ready Mix Concrete plant
IMAGES OF EQUIPMENTS USED-

30. SECTION -5

FLOORING

5.1 BARODA GREEN FLOORING

Broda green flooring is a special type of flooring most commonly used in
instutional building.
In this process any type of reinforcement was not provided, only concreting
was done by 1:8:16 screeding (concrete) with required slope.
All Mason tools and tackles required to available at site.
1. First of all screeding process done.
2. After screeding, mix of 1:3 is used for base.
3. After than Cement Paste (slurry) is place on base mix
4. And Barda green fix on the top.

31. 5.2 HR TILE TRACING FLOORING



HR Tile is a special type of tiles most commonly used in terrace of
instutional building. These Tiles make roof cool.
In this process any type of reinforcement was not provided, only concreting
was done by 1:8:16 screeding (concrete) with required slope.
All Mason tools and tackles required to available at site.
1. First of all screeding process done.
2. After screeding, mix of 1:3 is used for base.
3. After than Cement Paste (slurry) is place on base mix
4. And HR Tiles are fix on the top.

32. Lateral ties 8mm dia provided@150mm c/c in a column


























Longitudional steel bars of 20mm dia provided in a column

33. SECTION-6

Other images of construction site


Rare Side Plastring



Reinforcement for staircase at site

34. Reinforcement in beam& column

36. T