Business Research , definition, significance .pptx

Business Research

1. UNIT I INTRODUCTION

2. Business Research – Definition and Significance – the research process – Types of Research – Exploratory and causal Research – Theoretical and empirical Research – Cross –Sectional and time – series Research – Research questions / Problems – Research objectives – Research hypotheses – characteristics – Research in an evolutionary perspective – the role of theory in research.

3. Research ( “re-search” ) means to “search again” Research in common parlance refers to a search for knowledge. Meaning:- Research means, a careful investigation (or) inquiry specially through search for a new facts in any branch of knowledge. Meaning

4. According to Clifford Woody define, “Research is organized systematic data-based scientific inquiry, or investigation into a specific problem undertaken with the purpose of findings answers or solutions to it.” DEFINITION

5. Identifying problems (or) opportunities Diagnosing and assessing problems (or) opportunities Selecting and implementing a course of action Evaluating the course of action MANAGERIAL VALUE OF BUSINESS RESEARCH

6. Basis for nearly all Govt Policies Helps in solving various operational and planning problems Social Science studies SIGINIFICANCE

7. Research Process

8. TYPES OF RESEARCH

9. Classification of Research Based on Application Objectives Process

10. Research based on Application Whether the expected outcome is the solution to a particular problem or a more general contribution to knowledge . Basic research (Pure or fundamental research) Applied Research (Action research)

11. Basic research Undertaken out intellectual curiosity . It involves the process of collecting and analyzing data/information to develop or enhance theory. Not intended to yield immediate commercial benefits Example: Scientific researches, Research conducted by Universities.

12. Applied Research Designed to apply its findings to solving a specific, existing problem. Focuses on a real-life problem or situation with a view to helping reach a decision how to deal with it It is the application of existing knowledge to improve management practices and policies.

13. Research based on Objective Means the reason for the conductions of particular research. Descriptive Research   Explanatory/Casual Research Exploratory Research

14. Descriptive Research - “ what is ? “ Describes data and characteristics about the population  or phenomenon being studied. Research cannot describe what caused a situation Gain a better understanding of a topic Used for  frequencies, averages  and other statistical calculations Example: What is the absentee rate in particular offices? What type of packaging for a box of chocolates do consumers prefer?

15. Explanatory Research - “ Why & How?” Causal research T o analyzing and explaining why or how the phenomenon being studied is happening. Test hypotheses about cause-and-effect relationships Aims to understand phenomena by discovering and measuring causal relations among them. Example: An analysis of any relationships between the rewards given to the employees and their productivity levels .

16. Exploratory Research -“ What will be?” Important part of any marketing strategy Conducted into a research problem or issue when there are very few or no earlier studies Focus is on the discovery of ideas and insights as opposed to collecting statistically accurate data Management may have discovered general problems, but research is needed to gain better understanding of the dimensions of the problems

17. Contd... Example: In an organization considering a program to help employees with childcare needs, exploratory research with a small number of employees who have children might determine that many of them have spouses who also work and that these employees have positive reactions to the possibility of an on-site child-care program. In such a case exploratory research helps to crystallize a problem and identify information needs for future research

18. Research based on Process From the process adopted to find answer to research questions – the two approaches are Quantitative research Qualitative research

19. To quantify data and generalize To gain an understanding about Results from sample underlying reason and motivation of interest Generates numerical data Generates non-numerical data Data collection technique Structured; questionnaire, survey Unstructured; Depth interview narratives , G D., Quantitative Qualitative

20. Some other types.. Ex post facto: Ex post facto means ‘from what is done afterwards’. In the context of social and educational research the phrase means ‘after the fact’ or ‘retrospectively’ and refers to those studies which investigate possible cause-and-effect relationships Historical research: The type of research that examines past events or combinations of events to arrive at an account of what has happened in the past.

21. A study can be done in which data are gathered just once, perhaps over a period of days or weeks or months, in order to answer a research question. Time Series To study people or phenomena at more than one point in time in order to answer the research question Cross-Sectional Studies

22. RESEARCH PROBLEM Research Problem refers to some difficulty which a researcher experiences in the context of either a theoretical (or) practical situation and want to obtain a solution for the same.

23. Statement of the Problem in general way Understand the background of the Problem Isolate and Identify the Problem and not the Symptoms Determine the unit of Analysis Rephrase the research problem Process of Problem Definition

24. Understand the background of the Problem Isolate and Identify the Problem and not the Symptoms Determine the unit of Analysis

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26. It is the purpose of the research expressed in measurable terms; the definition of what the research should accomplish Derived from Problem Definition Must Specify the Information needed Number of Objectives should be limited RESEARCH OBJECTIVES

27. It is a logically linked relationship between 2 or more variables expressed in the form of testable statement TYPES Null Hypothesis Alternate Hypothesis RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS

28. Characteristics of Hypothesis Should be clear – otherwise reliable inferences can’t be drawn Must be specific and testable Should be related to theory (or) theoretical orientation Tested within reasonable time

29. State Null and Alternative Hypothesis Choose appropriate statistical test Determine the lack of significance Computation of performance Draw statistical decision Hypothesis Testing - STEPS

30. Role of Theory in Research

31. C onceptual model of how one theorizes or makes logical sense of the relationships among the several factors that have been identified D iscusses the interrelationships among the variables that are deemed to be integral to the dynamics of the situation Theoretical Framework

32. T estable hypotheses can be developed to examine whether the theory formulated is valid or not. Offers the conceptual foundation to proceed with the research