Business research methods and sampling method

Types of research methods

1. Business Research Design Plan for a study Blue print to carry out the study

2. Types of Research design Exploratory Descriptive Causal research

3. Exploratory Research Converting broad, vague problem statements into small, precise problem statements Early stages of research To formulate hypothesis

4. Characteristics of Exploratory Research It is flexible and versatile Data collection structured forms are not used Experimentation is not a requirement Cost is low Possibility of exploration of views

5. What circumstances is exploratory study ideal? To gain insight into the problem To generate new product ideas To assess the various alternatives To develop hypothesis To clarify concepts and formulating precise problems To pretest a draft questionnaire

6. Exploratory Research Methods Literature search Experience survey Focus group Analysis of selected cases

7. Literature Review It is a comprehensive survey of a previous research The literature review surveys scholarly articles, books, Journals and other sources relevant to your study The main aim is to find out problems that are already investigated and those that need further investigation It gives us knowledge about what others have found out in the related field of study and how they have done so

8. Literature Review – Why it is needed Provide background information Identify the focus of research Introduce the topic to readers Address the trend Provide a framework of method Analyze the published 2/21/2024 RVIM, Bangalore 8

9. Literature Review – Where to start Where are the major databases/ sources that have been recommended by your supervisor/mentor? Focus on the central research problem and bring out the key words Prepare a list of journals in your area of research Give it a title focused towards your objectives 2/21/2024 RVIM, Bangalore 9

10. Literature review: Key points Read relevant (up-to-date) literature Refer original works Read with comprehension Index the literature State what others have said/done , and what not Discuss what others have said/done towards developing a theme out of other studies, to end up with identifying research gaps. 2/21/2024 RVIM, Bangalore 10

11. Literature review in 5 steps 1. Search for a literature relevant for your study Develop a list of keywords Develop a list of synonyms for these key words Open a scholarly database(Google scholar, EBSCO, Science direct, Scopus etc) Use Boolean Operators(AND, OR, NOT etc.) Boolean Operators are simple words (AND, OR, NOT etc.) used as conjunctions to combine or exclude keywords in a search, resulting in more focused and productive results. This should save time and effort by eliminating inappropriate hits that must be scanned before discarding. Identify the most important publication 2/21/2024 RVIM, Bangalore 11

12. Literature review in 5 steps 2. Evaluate and select source Do not read the full research , read the abstract Look at the bibliography of the publication for other relevant sources Observe the number of high citation count 2/21/2024 RVIM, Bangalore 12

13. Example… Impact of Intrinsic Motivation and Institutional Support on Faculty Research Productivity RV Institute of Management Go, change the world 2/21/2024 RVIM, Bangalore 13

14. Literature review in 5 steps 3. Identify themes, debates and gaps Take not of the connections of different sources to easily organise your literature review Observe for the trends, patterns and themes Debates and contradictions Influential studies Gaps RV Institute of Management Go, change the world 2/21/2024 RVIM, Bangalore 14

15. Literature review in 5 steps 4. Organise by outlining Chronological From older to new publication Thematic Organised around several key themes Methodological Compare the different research methods being used across studies Theoretical Used to discuss opposing theories or models 2/21/2024 RVIM, Bangalore 15

16. Literature Author, Year & Area Title Methodology Sampling Variables Findings Sohail Khan (1996) KURDISTAN, IRAQ* The impact of staff training and development on teachers’ research productivity Structured Questionnaire 58 teachers Expertise, Morale, Skill, competency of supervisors, trust T&D to have profound influence on teachers’ productivity, therefore teachers need to be regularly motivated for training programs in to enhance their productivity. Morgan, Clauset (1999) USA* Research Productivity, prominence, and the effects of academic environment Matched-pairs experimental design using a Survey 2,453 early-career faculty at all 205 PhD-granting CSE departments. Work environment, training, scholarly impact, Characteristics of a work environment are more predictive of faculty productivity than preferential selection or retention Shaker, Plater (GEORGIA UNIVERSITY* (2001) The Public Good, Productivity and Faculty Work: Individual Effort and Social Value Delphi technique Secondary data analysis Rubrics, Service, ISR, Societal Impact, community service, positive attitude. Credentials without quality and teaching without public purpose lead inevitably to the decline of American higher education Michael M. Rawls (2002) TEXAS* PUBLIC INSTITUTES Assessing Research Productivity from an Institutional Effectiveness Perspective. Quantitative & Qualitative Designs –Questionnaire 62 Institutions Priority for research, research assistants, collective research goals of department, peer productivity Core facilities appear to be insufficient in terms of capacity to meet demand and are operated without an adequate staffing model to provide the expertise needed Mariom , McMorther (2012) VIRGINIA* Understanding the productivity of faculty members in higher education Descriptive case study design 293 full time employees [department of biomedical engineering] Time, self advancement, reporting, workloads, financial inducements Administrators must look at workload expectations for faculty and create policies to help manage their time 2/21/2024 RVIM, Bangalore 16

17. Literature review in 5 steps 5. Start writing the literature review Introduction Cite and present the study Main body Summarises and synthesis the sources to your study Conclusion The function of your paper’s conclusion is to restate the main argument. It reminds the reader of the strengths of your main arguments and reiterates the most important evidence supporting those arguments. 2/21/2024 RVIM, Bangalore 17

18. Literature review - Funnel approach – 80:20 rule So you start with the broader aspects of your topic (the contextual background, for instance) and then gradually narrow your focus until you reach the specific aspect of the topic that you will be addressing. Ex: Marketing strategies of two wheelers manufacturers with special reference to Karnataka Review of research studies on Marketing strategies in general Review of research studies on Marketing strategies in manufacturing Review of research studies on Marketing strategies in Automobile manufacturing Review of closely related research studies on MS -TWM in India 2/21/2024 RVIM, Bangalore 18

19. Experience survey It is desirable to talk to persons who are well informed in the areas being investigated No questionnaire is required The approach adopted should be highly unstructured Non probability sampling can be used Ex: Group of housewives may be approached for their choice for a “ready to cook product”

20. Focus group A small number of individuals are brought together to study and talk about some topic of interest The discussion is coordinated by a moderator The group usually consists of 8 – 12 persons and they should have a common background and experience. The typical focus group lasts for one to two hours Ex: Reva car

21. Analysis of selected cases Gives an insight into the problem which is being researched The result of investigation of case histories are always considered suggestive , rather than conclusive Ex: Ready to eat food

22. Conclusive Research Descriptive Research Experimental Research or causal research

23. Descriptive research Describe the characteristics of the population Provides association between two variables Clear specification on Who, What, When, Where, Why and How.

24. When to use Descriptive research? Size of the market Buying power of the consumer Product usage pattern To track the performance of the brand To determine the association of the two variables such as Advertisement and sales To make prediction

25. Descriptive research methods

26. Descriptive research methods

27. Longitudinal study An event or occurrence measured again and again over a period of time This is also known as “Time series study” Can determine how the market changes over time It involve panels The panel or sample remains constant throughout the period

28. Longitudinal study Brands At T1 At T2 Brand X 500(20%) 600(30%) Brand Y 700(35%) 650(32.5%) Brand Z 400(20%) 300(15%) Brand M 200(10%) 250(12.5%) All others 200(10%) 250(12.5%) 2000 2000

29. Types of panel

30. Cross – sectional study

31. National Food Survey Duration:  1940 to 2000 (60 years) The National Food Survey was a British study that ran from 1940 to 2000. It attempted to study food consumption, dietary patterns, and household expenditures on food by British citizens. Initially commenced to measure the effects of wartime rationing on the health of British citizens in 1940, the survey was extended and expanded after the end of the war to become a comprehensive study of British dietary consumption and expenditure patterns.  After 2000, the survey was replaced by the Expenditure and Food Survey, which lasted till 2008. It was further replaced by the Living Costs and Food Survey post-2008. 

32. Difference between exploratory and descriptive Study Basis for comparison Exploratory Research Descriptive Research Meaning Exploratory research means a research conducted for formulating a problem for more clear investigation. Descriptive research is a research that explore and explain an individual, group or a situation. Objective Discovery of ideas and thoughts. Describe characteristics and functions. Overall Design Flexible Rigid Research process Unstructured Structured Sampling Non-probability sampling Probability sampling Statistical Design No pre-planned design for analysis. Pre-planned design for analysis.

33. Causal Research - Experimental research design Experimental research is a scientific approach to research, where one or more independent variables are manipulated and applied to one or more dependent variables to measure their effect on the latter. The effect of the independent variables on the dependent variables is usually observed and recorded over some time, to aid researchers in drawing a reasonable conclusion regarding the relationship between these 2 variable types . Administering Exams After The End of Semester Employee Skill Evaluation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WwtKM02UPUM

34. Elements of experimentation

35. Formal/Informal experimental designs

36. Important experiment designs

37. Before-and-after without control design Ex: Anxiety level before and after Yoga

38. After-only with control design

39. Before-and-after with control design

40. Before-and-after with control design

41. FORMAL DESIGN Formal Completely R a ndo m i zed Design Randomized Block Design L at i n s q u are design Factorial Design Two Group Simple R a nd o miz e d Design Random R e p li c a ti o n Design Simple F a c t o r i a l Design Co m p l e x Fac t o ri a l Design

42. Formal experimental design - Completely randomized design (C.R. Design) It involves two principles ( i ) the principle of replication and (ii) the principle of randomization Uses one way ANOVA Used in case of homogenous experimental area. example of whether to provide remedial class to all student or not on the basis of experiments done on two groups. Randomization Procedure -Treatments are assigned to experimental units completely at random. -Every experimental unit has the same probability of receiving any treatment. -Randomization is performed using a random number table, computer program, etc.

43. Population Sample Experimental group Control group Treatment A Treatment B Randomly selected Randomly assigned Independent variable (i)Two-group simple randomized design Ex: Behavioural sciences. To identify the differences in usual training and specialised training

44. (ii) Random replications design

45. Randomized block design (R.B. design) Addition of local control principle Subjects are divided into blocks of homogenous and measurable. Each treatment given to be appears the same number of times in each block. Example:

46. Seeds difference Latin square design Used in agricultural research When there are different major extraneous factors present. Ex: Application of fertilisers on crop yield

47. Factorial design A factorial design allows the effect of several factors and even interactions between them to be determined with the same number of trials as are necessary to determine any one of the effects by itself with the same degree of accuracy.

48. Factorial design

49. Factorial design (ii) complex factorial designs experiments with more than two factors at a time involve the use of complex factorial design.

50. Hypothesis Development A Proposition that is empirically testable. It is an empirical statement concerned with the relationship among variables. Is a logical relationship between two or more variables expressed in the form of a testable statement.

51. Hypothesis A hypothesis helps to translate the research problem and objective into a clear explanation or prediction of the expected results or outcomes of the study. Hypothesis is derived from the research problems, literature review and conceptual framework. Hypothesis in a research project logically follow literature review and conceptual framework.

52. Hypothesis Development Good hypothesis: Must be adequate for its purpose Must be testable Can be: Directional Non-directional

53. Purpose of hypothesis To explain the relationship If advertising is increased, then sales will also go up. To establish the differences among groups More men than women are whistleblowers, To find the interdependence of two or more factors Working the night shift (as opposed to the day shift) is related to whether or not one is married.

54. Directional and Non directional Hypotheses Directional hypotheses: the direction of the relationship between the variables (positive/negative) is indicated. The greater the stress experienced in the job, the lower the job satisfaction of employees. Or Women are more motivated than men are. Nondirectional hypotheses: there are no indication of the direction of the relationships between variables. There is a relationship between age and Job satisfaction.

55. Null and Alternate Hypotheses The null hypothesis is a proposition that states a definitive, exact relationship between two variables. That is, it states that the population correlation between two variables is equal to zero or that the difference in the means of two groups in the population is equal to zero (or some definite number). In general, the null statement is expressed as no ( significant ) relationship between two variables or no (significant ) difference between two groups.

56. Null and Alternate Hypotheses The alternate hypotheses is the opposite of the null hypotheses, is a statement expressing a relationship between two variables or indicating differences between groups. The alternative statement is expressed as a ( significant ) relationship between two variables or a (significant ) difference between two groups.

57. Difference between groups or means Independent sample T test Paired sample T test One way ANOVA Two way ANOVA

58. Difference between groups or means Independent sample T test Compares the means between two unrelated groups on the dependent variable(continuous) Your  independent variable  should consist of  two categorical ,  independent groups .  Ex: Gender (2 groups: male or female), employment status (2 groups: employed or unemployed) Ex: Salaries based on gender

59. Difference between groups or means Paired sample T test Compares the means between two related means Ex: Performance before and after training Alternate test: Wilcoxon signed rank test and McNemar’s test

60. One way - ANOVA To determine whether there are any significant differences between the means of three or more independent (unrelated) groups on a continuous dependent variable. Ex: C ourse(Beginner, Intermediate and advance) and Time Dependent variable should be measured at the interval(Continuous) Independent variable should consist of two or more categorical The population variances in each group should be equal. Levene's Test for Homogeneity of Variances If the data is non- mormal -   Kruskal -Wallis H Test or Welsh test can be used

61. Two – way ANOVA To understand the interaction between two independent variable and on the dependent variable Ex : Gender, Education - Independent Salaries - Dependent Independent variable should be categorical Dependent variable should be measured at the interval(Continuous)

62. To find associations between variables Pearson's correlation: Direction of relationship that exists between two variables Ex: Stock return and Index return Spearman's correlation: Direction of association exists between two ordinal variables Ex: A teacher is interested in whether those who do better at risk management also do better in IFM Chi-square It is a test for independence, the chi-square test of association, is used to discover if there is a relationship between two independent categorical variables. Ex: Gender and preferred learning medium(online/offline)

63. Predicting scores Linear regression To predict the value of a variable based on the value of another variable The variable we want to predict is called the dependent variable or outcome variable The variable we are using to predict the other variable's value is called the independent variable or the predictor variable) There needs to be a linear relationship between two variables Ex: Exam performance and revision time Stock return and index return Multiple regression Two or more independent variables, rather than just one, you need to use multiple regression. Ex:Exam performance can be predicted based on revision time, attendance, lecture, and gender