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1. C language By Prof. Rutvi Baraiya

2. What is c language C is a general-purpose programming language, developed in 1972, and still quite popular. C is very powerful; it has been used to develop operating systems, databases, applications, etc. C is a general-purpose programming language created by Dennis Ritchie at the Bell Laboratories in 1972. It is a very popular language, despite being old. C is strongly associated with UNIX, as it was developed to write the UNIX operating system.

3. Why Learn C? It is one of the most popular programming language in the world If you know C, you will have no problem learning other popular programming languages such as Java, Python, C++, C#, etc, as the syntax is similar C is very fast, compared to other programming languages, like  Java  and  Python C is very versatile; it can be used in both applications and technologies

4. Difference between C and C++ C++  was developed as an extension of C, and both languages have almost the same syntax The main difference between C and C++ is that C++ support classes and objects, while C does not

5. C Syntax You have already seen the following code a couple of times in the first chapters. Let's break it down to understand it better: Example: #include < stdio.h > #include<conio.h> void main() { clrscr ();   printf ("Hello World!");    getch (); }

6. Explain example indetail Line 1:  #include < stdio.h > is a  header file library  that lets us work with input and output functions, such as  printf () (used in line 4). Header files add functionality to C programs. Line 2:  A blank line. C ignores white space. But we use it to make the code more readable. Line 3:  Another thing that always appear in a C program, is main(). This is called a  function . Any code inside its curly brackets {} will be executed. Line 4:   printf () is a  function  used to output/print text to the screen. In our example it will output "Hello World!

7. C Comments Comments can be used to explain code, and to make it more readable. It can also be used to prevent execution when testing alternative code. Comments can be  singled-lined  or  multi-lined . 1. Single-line Comments Single-line comments start with two forward slashes (//). Any text between // and the end of the line is ignored by the compiler (will not be executed). This example uses a single-line comment before a line of code: Example // This is a comment printf ("Hello World!");

8. comments 2. C Multi-line Comments Multi-line comments start with /* and ends with */. Any text between /* and */ will be ignored by the compiler: Example /* The code below will print the words Hello World! to the screen, and it is amazing */ printf ("Hello World!");

9. C Data Types The data type specifies the size and type of information the variable will store. In this tutorial, we will focus on the most basic ones: There are four types of data type in C programming language: 1.Integer 2.Float 3.Character 4.string

10. Explain data type

11. Basic Format Specifiers

12. Example of data type #include < stdio.h > Void main() { printf ("%d\n", 12); printf ("% i \n", 23); getch (); }

13. C Variables Variables are containers for storing data values, like numbers and characters. In C, there are different  types  of variables (defined with different keywords), for example: int  - stores integers (whole numbers), without decimals, such as 123 or -123 float - stores floating point numbers, with decimals, such as 19.99 or -19.99 char - stores single characters, such as 'a' or 'B'. Char values are surrounded by  single quotes

14. Declaring (Creating) Variables To create a variable, specify the  type  and assign it a  value : Syntax type   variableName  =  value ; Where  type  is one of C types (such as  int ), and  variableName  is the name of the variable (such as  x  or  myName ). The  equal sign  is used to assign a value to the variable. Example Create a variable called  myNum  of type  int  and assign the value  15  to it: int   myNum = 15;

15. Format Specifiers Format specifiers are used together with the  printf () function to tell the compiler what type of data the variable is storing. It is basically a placeholder for the variable value. A format specifier starts with a percentage sign %, followed by a character. For example, to output the value of an  int  variable, you must use the format specifier  %d or % i  surrounded by double quotes, inside the  printf () function: Example int   myNum = 15; printf ("%d", myNum );  // Outputs 15

16. C Operators Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values. C divides the operators into the following groups: Arithmetic operators Assignment operators Comparison operators Logical operators Bitwise operators

17. Arithmetic Operators

18. Assignment Operators

19. Comparison Operators

20. Logical Operators

21. Sizeof Operator The memory size (in bytes) of a data type or a variable can be found with the  sizeof  operator: Example: int   myInt ; float  myFloat ; double  myDouble ; char  myChar ; printf ("% lu \n", sizeof ( myInt )); printf ("% lu \n", sizeof ( myFloat )); printf ("% lu \n", sizeof ( myDouble )); printf ("% lu \n", sizeof ( myChar ));

22. Conditional If ... Else Conditions and If Statements You have already learned that C supports the usual logical  conditions  from mathematics: Less than: a < b Less than or equal to: a <= b Greater than: a > b Greater than or equal to: a >= b Equal to a == b Not Equal to: a != b You can use these conditions to perform different actions for different decisions. C has the following conditional statements: Use if to specify a block of code to be executed, if a specified condition is true Use else to specify a block of code to be executed, if the same condition is false Use else if to specify a new condition to test, if the first condition is false Use switch to specify many alternative blocks of code to be executed

23. The if Statement Use the if statement to specify a block of code to be executed if a condition is true. Syntax: if ( condition ) {     // block of code to be executed if the condition is true } Example: if (20 > 18) {   printf ("20 is greater than 18"); }

24. The else Statement Use the else statement to specify a block of code to be executed if the condition is false. Syntax if ( condition ) {    // block of code to be executed if the condition is true } else {    // block of code to be executed if the condition is false } Example int  time = 20; if (time < 18) {   printf ("Good day."); } else {   printf ("Good evening."); } // Outputs "Good evening."

25. The else if Statement Use the else if statement to specify a new condition if the first condition is false. Syntax if ( condition1 ) {    // block of code to be executed if condition1 is true } else if ( condition2 ) {    // block of code to be executed if the condition1 is false and condition2 is true } else {    // block of code to be executed if the condition1 is false and condition2 is false }

26. Example int  time = 22; if (time < 10) {   printf ("Good morning."); } else if (time < 20) {    printf ("Good day."); } else {   printf ("Good evening."); } // Outputs "Good evening."

27. Switch Statement Instead of writing  many  if..else statements, you can use the switch statement. The switch statement selects one of many code blocks to be executed: Syntax switch( expression ) {   case x:      // code block     break;   case y:      // code block     break;   default:      // code block }

28. This is how it works: The switch expression is evaluated once The value of the expression is compared with the values of each case If there is a match, the associated block of code is executed The break statement breaks out of the switch block and stops the execution The default statement is optional, and specifies some code to run if there is no case match

29. Example int  day = 4; switch (day) {   case 6:     printf ("Today is Saturday");     break;   case 7:     printf ("Today is Sunday");     break;   default:     printf ("Looking forward to the Weekend"); } // Outputs "Looking forward to the Weekend"

30. C For Loop When you know exactly how many times you want to loop through a block of code, use the for loop instead of a while loop: Syntax for ( statement 1 ;  statement 2 ;  statement 3 ) {    // code block to be executed } Example int   i ; for ( i = 0; i < 5; i ++) {   printf ("%d\n",  i ); }

31. While Loop The while loop loops through a block of code as long as a specified condition is true: Syntax while ( condition ) {   // code block to be executed } Example int   i = 0; while ( i < 5) {   printf ("%d\n", i );    i ++; }

32. The Do/While Loop The do/while loop is a variant of the while loop. This loop will execute the code block once, before checking if the condition is true, then it will repeat the loop as long as the condition is true. Syntax do {   // code block to be executed } while ( condition ); The example below uses a do/while loop. The loop will always be executed at least once, even if the condition is false, because the code block is executed before the condition is tested:

33. Example int   i = 0; do {    printf ("%d\n", i );    i ++; } while ( i < 5);

34. C Break and Continue Break You have already seen the break statement used in an earlier chapter of this tutorial. It was used to "jump out" of a  switch  statement. The break statement can also be used to jump out of a  loop . This example jumps out of the  for loop  when  i  is equal to 4: Example int   i ; for ( i = 0; i < 10; i ++) {   if ( i == 4) {     break;   }   printf ("%d\n", i ); }

35. C continue Continue The continue statement breaks one iteration (in the loop), if a specified condition occurs, and continues with the next iteration in the loop. This example skips the value of 4: Example int   i ; for ( i = 0; i < 10; i ++) {   if ( i == 4) {     continue;   }   printf ("%d\n", i ); }

36. C Arrays Arrays are used to store multiple values in a single variable, instead of declaring separate variables for each value. To create an array, define the data type (like  int ) and specify the name of the array followed by  square brackets [] . To insert values to it, use a comma-separated list, inside curly braces: int   myNumbers [] = {25, 50, 75, 100};

37. Access the Elements of an Array To access an array element, refer to its  index number . Array indexes start with  : [0] is the first element. [1] is the second element, etc. This statement accesses the value of the  first element [0]  in  myNumbers : Example int   myNumbers [] = {25, 50, 75, 100}; printf ("%d", myNumbers [0]); // Outputs 25

38. Change an Array Element To change the value of a specific element, refer to the index number: Example int   myNumbers [] = {25, 50, 75, 100}; myNumbers [0] = 33; printf ("%d", myNumbers [0]); // Now outputs 33 instead of 25

39. Loop Through an Array You can loop through the array elements with the for loop. The following example outputs all elements in the  myNumbers  array: Example int   myNumbers [] = {25, 50, 75, 100}; int   i ; for ( i = 0; i < 4; i ++) {   printf ("%d\n", myNumbers [ i ]); }

40. C Multidimensional Arrays