Ca(NO)3 + coloured salts for classs 12

Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter.[1] It is a physical science within the natural sciences that studies the chemical elements that make up matter and compounds made of atoms, molecules and ions: their composition, structure, properties, behavior and the changes they undergo during reactions with other substances.[2][3][4][5] Chemistry also addresses the nature of chemical bonds in chemical compounds.

In the scope of its subject, chemistry occupies an intermediate position between physics and biology.[6] It is sometimes called the central science because it provides a foundation for understanding both basic and applied scientific disciplines at a fundamental level.[7] For example, chemistry explains aspects of plant growth (botany), the formation of igneous rocks (geology), how atmospheric ozone is formed and how environmental pollutants are degraded (ecology), the properties of the soil on the Moon (cosmochemistry), how medications work (pharmacology), and how to collect DNA evidence at a crime scene (forensics).

Chemistry has existed under various names since ancient times.[8] It has evolved, and now chemistry encompasses various areas of specialisation, or subdisciplines, that continue to increase in number and interrelate to create further interdisciplinary fields of study. The applications of various fields of chemistry are used frequently for economic purposes in the chemical industry.
The current model of atomic structure is the quantum mechanical model.[12] Traditional chemistry starts with the study of elementary particles, atoms, molecules,[13] substances, metals, crystals and other aggregates of matter. Matter can be studied in solid, liquid, gas and plasma states, in isolation or in combination. The interactions, reactions and transformations that are studied in chemistry are usually the result of interactions between atoms, leading to rearrangements of the chemical bonds which hold atoms together. Such behaviors are studied in a chemistry laboratory.

The chemistry laboratory stereotypically uses various forms of laboratory glassware. However glassware is not central to chemistry, and a great deal of experimental (as well as applied/industrial) chemistry is done without it.


Solutions of substances in reagent bottles, including ammonium hydroxide and nitric acid, illuminated in different colors
A chemical reaction is a transformation of some substances into one or more different substances.[14] The basis of such a chemical transformation is the rearrangement of electrons in the chemical bonds between atoms. It can be symbolically depicted through a chemical equation, which usually involves atoms as subjects. The number of atoms on the left and the right in the equation for a chemical transformation is equal. (When the number of atoms on either side is unequal, the transformation is referred to as a nuclear reaction or radioactive decay.) The type of chemical reactions a substance may undergo

1. Acidic Radical
Acidic Radical:
BaCl2 test: SO4
-2
+ Ba
+2
 BaSO4 
White ppt
(CH3COO)2 Pb test:
SO4
-2
+ Pb
+2
 Pb SO4
PbSO4 +CH3COONH4  (CH3COO)2Pb  (NH4 )2 SO4


Basic Radical
Preliminary Test: Cu
+2
+ S
-2
CuS 
(Black ppt.)
CuS + 2NO3
-
 Cu(NO3)2
(ppt. dissolves)
2Cu
2+
+ 2 SO4
−
+2NH3 +2H2O → Cu(OH)2 . CuSO4 + 2NH
+
4
Cu(OH)2 .CuSO4 + 8NH3 → 2[Cu(NH3)4]SO4 + 2OH
–
+ 2SO4
−

. Tetraamminecopper (II) sulphate
. (Deep blue)
[Cu(NH3 ) 4 ] SO4 + 4CH3COOH → CuSO4 + 4CH3COONH4
2CuSO4 + K4 [Fe(CN)6 ] → Cu2 [Fe(CN)6 ] + 2K2 SO4
Potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) Copper hexacyanoferrate (II)
. (Chocolate brown ppt)
Cu
2+
+ KI  Cu2I2
. White ppt in brown solution of iodine.
EXPERIMENT - 10
Aim: To identify the acidic radical and the basic radical of the given inorganic salt.
Preliminary Investigation
Physical State
Colour
Odour
Solubility
Flame Test
Solid
Blue (Cu
2+
may be present)
Odourless (NH4
+
, CH COO
-
, S
-2
absent)
Soluble in water
Bright bluish – green (Cu
2+
may be present)
(A) Identification of Acidic Radical
Experiment Observation Inference
(a) Preliminary test: 1. Salt + dil H2SO4
2. Salt + Conc H2SO4+ Heat
No gas is evolved

No gas is evolved
Group A anion (CO3
2-
, NO2
-
, SO3
-2
, S
-2
,
absent)
Group B anion (Cl
-
, Br
-
, I
-
, NO3
-
, C2O4
-2
absent)
(b) Confirmative test:
1. BaCl2 Test: O.S. + BaCl2 Add dil. HCl
or dil HNO3

2. Lead Acetate Test : - . O.S. + lead
acetate solution
Add ammonium acetate Solution.

White Ppt formed
Ppt is insoluble

White ppt.
formed
Ppt is soluble

SO4
2-
confirmed



SO4
2-
confirmed
(B) Identification of Basic Radical
Experiment Observation Inference
Preliminary Test: 1. Salt + NaOH +
Heat
No Smell of NH3


Zero group absent (NH4
+
absent)
O.S. + dil HCl

No white ppt I group [Pb
2+
absent]
Above solution + H2S gas
Heat the ppt with min quantity (1-2
ml) of 50% HNO3
To one part of the above solution,
add dil. H2SO4 and alcohol.
To rest of the solution add NH4OH
in excess
Black precipitate of CuS or PbS
Ppt dissolves due to the formation
of Cu(NO3)2 or Pb(NO3)2
No white precipitate.

Blue coloured solution
Cu
2+
or Pb
2+
may be present

Cu
2+
or Pb
2+
may be present
Pb
2+
absent

Cu
2+
may be present
Confirmatory test:

2. To the blue solution add a few
drops of acetic acid and divide it
into 2 parts:
(i) To one part add potassium
ferrocyanide solution.

(ii) To second part add potassium
iodide solution



Chocolate brown precipitate due to
the formation of Cu2[Fe(CN)6]

White precipitate of Cu2I2 is formed
in brown coloured solution of
iodine.



Cu
2+
confirmed



Cu
2+
confirmed
Result: The given inorganic salt contains: Acidic Radical: SO4
2-
Basic Radical: Cu
2+

3. Acidic Radical
Preliminary Test :
Cl
-
+ 2H
+
 HCl (pungent smell)
NH4
+
+ Cl
-
→NH4Cl (White dense fumes)

Confirmative Test:
AgNO3 test: Cl
-
+ Ag
+
→AgCl↓
(Curdy white ppt)
AgCl + NH4OH  [Ag(NH3)2Cl ) ] + 2H2O
(Diammine silver (I) Chloride)

Basic Radical
Preliminary Test :-
Co
2+
+ S
-2
 CoS
1. Confirmative test :-
2.
Co
+2
(aq) +4NCS
-
[Co(NCS)2]
-2
(aq) +
tetraisothiocyanatocobaltate(II)


EXPERIMENT- 11
Aim: To identify the acidic radical and the basic radical of the given inorganic salt.
Preliminary Investigation
Physical State
Colour
Odour
Solubility
Flame Test
Solid
Dark pink( Mn
2+
, Co
2+
may be present)
Odourless (NH4
+
, CH3 COO
-
, S
-2
absent)
Soluble in water
No Characteristic flame (Pb
2+
, Cu
2+
, Ca
2+
, Sr
2+
, Ba
2+
, Zn
2+

absent)
Identification of Acidic Radical
Experiment Observation Inference
(a) Preliminary test:
1. Salt + dil H2SO4
2. Salt + Conc H2SO4+ Heat
Bring a glass rod dipped in NH4OH to
the mouth of the test tube

No gas is evolved

Colourless gas with pungent smell
Dense white fumes of NH4Cl

Group A anion (CO3
2-
, NO2
-
, SO3
-2
, S
-2
, absent)

Group B anion (Cl
-
may be present)
(b) Confirmative Test: AgNO3 test:
O.S. + AgNO3.
Dissolve the ppt in NH4OH
White ppt

White ppt soluble in NH4OH
Cl
-
confirmed

Cl
-
confirmed
Identification of Basic Radical
Experiment Observation Inference
(a) Preliminary Test: 1. Salt + NaOH+
Heat
No Smell of NH3

Zero group absent (NH4
+
absent)
Original Solution + dil HCl No White ppt is formed I group [Pb
2+
absent]
Above solution + H2S gas No ppt. Group II (Cd
2+
, Pb
2+
, As
2+
Cu
2+
absent)
Boil off H2S gas and add NH4Cl +
NH4OH
No ppt. Group III [Fe
2+,
Fe
3+
, Al
3+
absent]
To above test tube pass H2S gas. Black ppt. Group IV [Ni
2+
, Co
2+
may be present]
(b) Confirmative test: Dissolve the
precipitate in aqua regia. Heat the
solution to dryness and cool.
Dissolve the residue in water.
Divideinto 2 parts
1. To part 1 add NH4OH solution,
dil CH3 COOH and KNO2.
3. To part 2 add conc sol of
ammonium thiocyanate


Blue residue is observed on sides of
test tube


Yellow precipitate

blue color


Co
2+
may be present



Co
2+
confirmed

Co
2+
confirmed

4. Result: The given inorganic salt contains: -Acidic Radical: Cl
-
Basic Radical: Co
2+

5. Acidic Radical
Preliminary Test:
2NO3
-
+ 2H
+
 2HNO3
2HNO3  2 NO2 + H2O + ½ O2
Brown fumes
Cu + HNO3  Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NO2 + H2O
Brown fumes
Confirmative Test : i) Ring Test
2NO3
-
+ 2H
+
 2HNO3
3Fe
+2
+ 4H
+
+ NO3
-
 3Fe
+3
+ 2H2O + NO
Fe
+2
+ H2O

+ NO  [Fe(H2O)5NO]
+2


Basic Radical
Preliminary Test:
Ca
2+
+ CO3
2-
 CaCO3 ↓
Confirmatory Test :
CaCO3 + 2CH3COOH → (CH3COO)2 Ca + H2O + CO2
(CH3COO)2Ca + (NH4 ) 2C2O4 → (COO)2Ca + 2CH3COONH4
Ammonium oxalate Calcium oxalate
. (White precipitate)
EXPERIMENT-
Aim: To identify the acidic radical and the basic radical of the given inorganic salt.
Preliminary Investigation
Physical State
Colour
Odour
Flame Test
Solid
White (Cu
2+
, Fe
2+
, Fe
3+
, Ni
2+
, Mn
2+
,Co
2+
absent)
Odourless
Apple green flame (Ba
2+
may be present)
(A) Identification of Acidic Radical
Experiment Observation Inference
(a) Preliminary test: 1. Salt + dil
H2SO4

2. Salt + Conc H2SO4+ Heat

Add Cu turnings
No gas is evolved


Brown Coloured gas (NO2) is
evolved
Brown gas intensifies
Group A anion (CO3
2-
, NO2
-
, SO3
-2
, S
-2

,absent)


Group B anion (NO3
-
may be present)
(b) Confirmative test: Ring Test:
O.S. + Freshly prep. FeSO4 + Conc
H2SO4 along the sides of the test
tube.
Brown ring is formed at the
junction of two liquids.
NO3
–
confirmed

(B) Identification of Basic Radical
Experiment Observation Inference
Preliminary Test: 1. Salt + NaOH+
Heat
No Smell of NH3

Zero group absent
(NH4
+
absent)
Original Solution + dil HCl No White ppt is formed I group [Pb
2+
absent]
Above solution + H2S gas No ppt. Group II (Cd
2+
, Pb
2+
, As
2+
Cu
2+
absent)
Boil off H2S gas and add NH4Cl +
NH4OH.
No ppt. Group III [Fe
2+
, Fe
3+
,Al
3+
absent ]
To above test tube pass H2S gas
Dissolve the white ppt in HCl and
divide it into 2 parts
No ppt Group IV [Zn
2+
, Co
+2
, Ni
+2
, Mn
+2
absent]
Remove H2S gas by boiling. Add
NH4Cl + NH4OH + [NH4]2CO3 .
Dissolve ppt in CH3 COOH. Divide
into 3 parts
White ppt V group
(Ca
2+
, Ba
2+
, Sr
2+
may be present)
(b) 1. To one part add K2CrO4 No ppt Ba
2+
absent
Sr
2+
absent

6. 2. To second part of the solution
add ammonium sulphate
solution.
3. To third part of the solution
add ammonium oxalate
(c) Flame Test
No ppt Apple green
flame

White ppt

brick red flame


Ca
2+
present

Ca
2+
confirmed
Result: The given inorganic salt contains: Acidic Radical: NO3
–
Basic Radical: Ca
2+