Cadmium toxicity abhi

1. Cadmium Toxicity Abhishek Jha

2. What is it ? Toxic soft whitish metal occurs naturally in soil, commonly found in industrial workplace. Encountered with earth’s crust combined with chlorine(CdCl2), oxygen (CdO), Sulphur (CdS). Exists as small particles in air, result of smelting, soldering or other high temp. industrial processes or by product of smelting of zinc, lead, copper ores. Used extensively in electroplating, rechargeable batteries, commercial food processing as a fertilizer, paint pigments , pottery glazes and plastics and as a neutron absorbent in nuclear reactors. I t is cheap, shiny, strong and malleable at low temp. Cadmium does not break down in the environment

3. Cadmium Poisoning Caused by excessive exposure to cadmium No constructive purpose in the human body. Extremely toxic even in low concentrations and will bioaccumulation in organisms and ecosystems due to low permissible exposure limit so overexposure occur where trace quantities found. The McDonalds Shrek Glasses are contaminated with Cadmium

4. EFFECTS OF POISONING:

5. SYMPTOMS Food poisoning (ingestion ) Bronchitis ( inhalation) Interstitial pneumonitis (inhalation) Pulmonary edema (inhalation) MEDICAL CONDITIONS Osteoporosis O steomalacia Hyperuricemia Hypophosphatemia Itai-itai disease Renal failure

6. Source of Exposure Tobacco smoke (a one pack a day smoker absorbs roughly 5 to 10 times the amount absorbed from the average daily diet ) Cadmium a component of chuifong tokwan , sold illegally as a miracle herb in china Low levels are found in grains, cereals, leafy vegetables, and other basic foodstuffs

7. Build up of cadmium levels in water, air, soil has been occurring in industrial areas. Environmental exposure has been problematic in japan where many people consumed rice that was grown in cadmium contaminated irrigation water which caused itai-itai disease. In May 2013, it was reported that certain rice and rice products collected by Guangdong authorities, containing cadmium at levels which did not comply with the Mainland standard. Mainland GB standard for cadmium in rice is ≦ 0.2 mg/kg. Occurrence in Food -plants , animals, fish and shellfish take up cadmium when it is in their growth environment (e.g. soil, air, water, etc.) . U se of cadmium-containing fertilizers and feeding stuff. Cadmium can go up the food chain when contaminated crops and plants are ingested by animals

8. Health Effect of Cadmium The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) of the World Health Organization considered that sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity of cadmium and cadmium compounds in humans due to occupational exposure through inhalation, and classified them as “carcinogenic to human” (Group 1 agents) However, acute exposure may cause flu like symptoms including fever, chills, chest pain, dizziness and muscle ache sometimes referred to as “the cadmium blues”. More severe exposure can cause tracheo-bronchitis, pneumonitis and pulmonary edema. Primary effect on lungs and kidney Lung, Emphysema, Kidney, Calcium metabolism, Possible lung carcinogen . Secondary effects on skeletal system .

9. Binds to sulfhydryl groups, displacing other metals from metalloenzymes, disrupting those enzymes. competing with calcium for binding sites (calmodulin) In kidney- Free Cd binds to kidney glomerulus - Proximal tubule dysfunction In lung- Edema and Emphysema by killing lung macrophages In skeletal - Osteoporosis and osteomalacia (pseudo fractures)

10. Inhibition of DNA repair Cell damage Oxidative stress Enhancement of DNA damage Decrease of Antioxidants Activation of cellular signals Inhibition of DNA Methylation E- cadherin dysfunction DNA damage Induction of Proto- Oncogenes Disruption Cell Adhesion Induction of Apoptosis Gene Mutation Promotion of proliferation Malignant Cancer Preneoplastic lesion Cd +2 A Model: Major mechanism involved in Cd +2 Carcinogenesis

11. Cadmium epidemics/case studies Japan (1950s) “ Itai-Ita i ” is Japanese for “ ouch-ouch ”-refers to bone pain related to calcium loss Renal failure , Anemia , severe muscle pain River polluted with waste from factory, water used on rice fields for many years Rice accumulated high level of Cd Community was poor (and therefore malnourished with respect to calcium)

12. Metabolism, storage and excretion of cadmium in human body Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology 2006

13. Safety reference value of cadmium The Joint Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) established a provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI) of 25 mcg/kg bw to cadmium in 2010

14. Dietary exposure to cadmium A risk assessment on dietary exposure to cadmium using the total diet study (TDS) methodology was conducted The results indicated that the general population was unlikely to experience major undesirable health effects of cadmium from dietary exposure

15. DIAGNOSIS DIRECT EVALUATION 24 hour urine cadmium – reflects exposure over time Blood cadmium-estimated INDIRECT EVALUATION Urinary ß 2 -microglobulin – evaluate urine levels > 300 g/g creatinine Urinary retinol-binding protein(RBP)Urinary Metallothionein (MT) Critical levels: blood cadmium: 10 micrograms/l Urinary cadmium: 10 micrograms/g creatinine Urinary beta 2-microglobulin: 2000 micrograms/g creatinine Urinary retinol-binding protein: 200 micrograms/g creatinine

16. TREATMENT Elements like calcium and selenium are shown to have protective effect against cadmium-induced toxicity Adequate levels of zinc in the body helps to displace cadmium from the tissues Potent antioxidants like Vitamin C, Glutathione, methionine, glycine, cysteine has great protective efficiency . Smoking should be avoided and do check your house products for compounds which contain cadmium Chelation therapy

17. SMOKING IS INJURIOUS TO HEALTH…..STOP SMOKING!!!:

18. Thank You