Cambridge LSS 7 PPT C02 Measurements.pptx

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1. CHAPTER 2 Measurements ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

2. Lesson 1A ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

3. Capture Interest

4. Chapter Trigger How are measurements made at athletics events? How can we be sure that running tracks are exactly the same length around the world? How do we measure the tiny differences in time that make the difference between breaking a record and failing to do so? How do we measure the height of the high jump or the distance of the long jump? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

5. Chapter 2 Measurements 2 .1 Measurements of Physical Quantities 2.2 How Do We Measure Length? 2.3 How Do We Measure Area? 2.4 How Do We Measure Volume? 2.5 How Do We Measure Mass? 2.6 How Do We Measure Time? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

6. 2 .1 Measurements of Physical Quantities What Will You Learn in This Section? Understand that observations can be qualitative and quantitative. Name some common physical quantities and their SI units. ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

7. 2 .1 Measurements of Physical Quantities At the end of this section, you should be able to answer the following questions: What is a quantitative observation? What is a physical quantity? What is a qualitative observation? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd What are SI units?

8. Construct Understanding

9. Which child is running the fastest? How do you know? How fast is the child running? How can you find out? 2 .1 Measurements of Physical Quantities ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

10. 2 .1 Measurements of Physical Quantities ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Qualitative observations Observations made using words Example: The child ran very fast. Qualitative observations are subjective, i.e., based on opinions. Quantitative observations Observations made using numbers, based on measurements Example: The child covered 100 metres in 12 seconds. Quantitative observations are objective, i.e., based on facts, not opinions. Observations can be qualitative or quantitative.

11. We often need to measure things in science and everyday activities. Examples: When baking a cake, we need to make accurate measurement of the ingredients. We buy fabric and clothes based on specific measurements. We make time measurements many times during a day. 2 .1 Measurements of Physical Quantities ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

12. Why do we need standardised measurements? 2 .1 Measurements of Physical Quantities ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd In the past, people often measured things using their body parts, such as arms, hands and feet. As the sizes of body parts differ with different people, the measurements were not consistent and accurate. This led to the development of standardised measurements using standard measuring instruments.

13. Lesson Wrap-up How are qualitative observations different from quantitative observations? Why do we use measuring instruments? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

14. Lesson 1B ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

15. Lesson Trigger Do your parents’ clothes fit you? Why or why not? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

16. 2.1 Measurements of Physical Quantities Measuring instruments ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

17. 2 .1 Measurements of Physical Quantities Physical quantities Examples of physical quantities: ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Length Mass Time Temperature A physical quantity is a quantity that can be measured.

18. 2 .1 Measurements of Physical Quantities ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd SI units In science, a standard unit is used to measure each physical quantity. Physical quantity SI unit Symbol for unit Length metre m Mass kilogram kg Time second s Temperature kelvin K Electric current ampere A

19. Consolidate Learning

20. Test Yourself 1 Is each statement true or false? a Qualitative observations are made using instruments. b Qualitative observations are more accurate than quantitative observations. 2 What is a physical quantity? 3 What are SI units? 4 Why do we have SI units? 2 .1 Measurements of Physical Quantities ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

21. Enrich Learning

22. ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 2 .1 Measurements of Physical Quantities

23. ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Lesson Wrap-up Give some examples of physical quantities and their SI units.

24. Lesson 2 ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

25. Chapter 2 Measurements 2.1 Measurements of Physical Quantities 2.2 How Do We Measure Length? 2.3 How Do We Measure Area? 2.4 How Do We Measure Volume? 2.5 How Do We Measure Mass? 2.6 How Do We Measure Time? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

26. 2.2 How Do We Measure Length? What Will You Learn in This Section? Know how to measure length correctly. Choose equipment and use it properly to carry out an investigation. Explain why it is important to take accurate and precise measurements. Decide when to repeat measurements and observations to get reliable results. ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

27. At the end of this section, you should be able to answer the following questions: How can you check that measurements are accurate? What is a parallax error? 2.2 How Do We Measure Length? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd What instruments do we use to measure length?

28. Capture Interest

29. Which blue line is longer? Lesson Trigger ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

30. Construct Understanding

31. 2 .2 How Do We Measure Length? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Length is the distance between two points. Height and diameter are measurements of length.

32. 2.2 How Do We Measure Length? Units of length The SI unit of length is the metre (m). To describe lengths that are larger or smaller than a metre, we use prefixes to indicate multiples of metre. Examples: kilo metre, cent imetre and milli metre . ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd We use kilometre for longer lengths. We use millimetre, centimetre and metre for shorter lengths.

33. 2.2 How Do We Measure Length? We can convert between different units of length: ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 1 km = 1000 m, 2 km = 2 × 1000 = 2000 m 1 m = 100 cm, 5 m = 5 × 100 = 500 cm 1 cm = 10 mm, 7 cm = 7 × 10 = 70 mm 1 m = km, 5000 m = 5000 × = 5 km 1 cm = m, 300 cm = 300 × = 3 m 1 mm = cm, 90 mm = 90 × = 9 cm   km m cm mm ÷ 1000 × 1000 × 100 × 10 ÷ 100 ÷ 10 Examples:

34. 2 .2 How Do We Measure Length? Instruments that measure length ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Metre rule 30 cm rule Soft measuring tape Hard tape measure Vernier caliper

35. 2.2 How Do We Measure Length? Parallax error ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd If you take a reading from the wrong angle, you will have a parallax error . Make sure your eye is in the correct position to take an accurate reading. Take the reading vertically above the measurement.

36. Checking that measurements are accurate 2 .2 How Do We Measure Length? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd How can we make sure that we measure the length of this paper clip accurately? Use the correct measuring instrument. Measure the paper clip. Is the reading reason able? Measure the paper clip a few more times.

37. 2.2 How Do We Measure Length? Accuracy versus precision ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Precision: how close multiple measurements are to one another Accuracy: how close a measurement is to its true value

38. Consolidate Learning

39. Test Yourself 1 a List four units used to measure length. b Which unit is the largest? c Which is the SI unit? 2 Explain how to make a length measurement with a rule without making a parallax error. 3 Nimmika wants to measure the diameter of a piece of wire for an investigation. a What instrument should she use to make the measurement? b How can she make sure that her result is accurate? 4 A person throws three darts at a dartboard. He aims at the 20, but all three darts land close together in the 5. Is the throw accurate or precise? 2.2    How Do We Measure Length ? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

40. Enrich Learning

41. ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 2.2   How Do We Measure Length?

42. ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Think and Explore Consider what could happen if a surveyor on a building site made errors in the measurements. How could this impact the building safety and costs? Could it also negatively affect the environment? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Lesson Wrap-up

43. Lesson 3 ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

44. Chapter 2 Measurements 2.1 Measurements of Physical Quantities 2.2 How Do We Measure Length? 2.3 How Do We Measure Area? 2.4 How Do We Measure Volume? 2.5 How Do We Measure Mass? 2.6 How Do We Measure Time? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

45. What Will You Learn in This Section? Know how to measure area correctly. Represent scientific ideas using symbols and formulae. 2.3 How Do We Measure Area? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

46. At the end of this section, you should be able to answer the following questions: How do we measure the area of a square and a rectangle? How do we measure the area of an irregular shape? What are the units of area? 2.3 How Do We Measure Area? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

47. Capture Interest

48. Lesson Trigger ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Why do we need to measure the area of the floor of a room?

49. Construct Understanding

50. 2.3 How Do We Measure Area? Units of area ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Unit Symbol square kilometre km 2 square metre m 2 square centimetre cm 2 square millimetre mm 2 We can convert between different units of area: 1 km 2 = 1 000 000 m 2 1 m 2 = 10 000 cm 2 1 cm 2 = 100 mm 2

51. Consolidate Learning

52. Test Yourself 1 a Name two units of area. b What is the SI unit of area? 2 Find the area of a rectangle with base 3 cm and height 2 cm. 2.2    How Do We Measure Length ? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

53. Enrich Learning

54. Discover What is the area of the two tiles? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 2.2    How Do We Measure Length ?

55. Find the area of these shapes. Lesson Wrap-up ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 1 m 4 m 2 m 2 m

56. Lesson 4 ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

57. Chapter 2 Measurements 2.1 Measurements of Physical Quantities 2.2 How Do We Measure Length? 2.3 How Do We Measure Area? 2.4 How Do We Measure Volume? 2.5 How Do We Measure Mass? 2.6 How Do We Measure Time? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

58. What Will You Learn in This Section? Know how to measure volume correctly. Represent scientific ideas using symbols and formulae. Take measurements accurately. Choose equipment and use it properly to carry out an investigation. 2.4 How Do We Measure Volume? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

59. 2.4 How Do We Measure Volume? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd What are the units of volume? How do we measure the volume of some common 3D shapes using formulae? How do we measure the volume of an irregular-shaped object? At the end of this section, you should be able to answer the following questions: How do we measure the volume of a liquid?

60. Capture Interest

61. Why is it important to know the volume of goods? Lesson Trigger ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Stores need to plan the space available on their shelves. Manufacturers need to design the packaging. Customers need to know the volume of the product they are buying.

62. Construct Understanding

63. Units of volume 2.4 How Do We Measure Volume? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Unit Symbol cubic kilometre km 3 cubic metre m 3 cubic centimetre cm 3 cubic millimetre mm 3 Unit Symbol kilolitre kl litre l millilitre ml The volume of an object is the amount of space taken up by it.

64. Volume of a cuboid or a rectangular prism = Length ( l ) × Breadth ( b ) × Height ( h ) 2.4 How Do We Measure Volume? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Volume of some common 3D shapes A cube is a cuboid with all its edges equal. In a cube, length = breadth = height = l . Volume of a sphere = r 3 .   In this cube, length = breadth = height = 1 m. Volume of the cube = 1 × 1 × 1 = 1 m 3 .

65. Volume of a liquid 2.4 How Do We Measure Volume? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd It is important to measure chemicals and liquids carefully and accurately when used in experiments. Measuring cylinder Beaker Measuring cup

66. How do we measure volume accurately? 2.4 How Do We Measure Volume? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd The surface of most liquids is curved upwards where it meets the walls of the container. This curved surface is called the meniscus . An accurate reading is the level at the bottom of the meniscus.

67. Volume of irregularly shaped objects – the displacement method 2.4 How Do We Measure Volume? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Volume of the stone = V 1 – V = 49 – 38 = 11 cm 3

68. Consolidate Learning

69. Test Yourself 1 What is volume? 2 List four commonly used units of volume. 3 Name two types of apparatus we use to measure volume in a school laboratory. 4 Name the method we use to measure the volume of an irregularly shaped object. 2.4 How Do We Measure Volume? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

70. Enrich Learning

71. Discover ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Which apparatus would you use to accurately measure liquids in a scientific investigation? 2.4 How Do We Measure Volume?

72.  Think and Explore Now that you know more about measurements and how important they are, think back to the questions at the start of the chapter.  Do you think measurement is needed in conservation and sustainability? How would measuring things like air quality, water pollution and plant and animal populations help with conservation and sustainability? Lesson Wrap-up ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

73. Lesson 5 ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

74. Chapter 2 Measurements 2.1 Measurements of Physical Quantities 2.2 How Do We Measure Length? 2.3 How Do We Measure Area? 2.4 How Do We Measure Volume? 2.5 How Do We Measure Mass? 2.6 How Do We Measure Time? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

75. What Will You Learn in This Section? Know how to measure mass correctly. Choose equipment and use it properly to carry out an investigation. 2.5 How Do We Measure Mass? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

76. 2.5 How Do We Measure Mass? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd What are the units of mass? At the end of this section, you should be able to answer the following questions: What are the two types of balances?

77. Capture Interest

78. When do we measure mass in our everyday lives? Lesson Trigger ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd We measure the mass of fruit and vegetables at the grocery store. We measure the mass of ingredients when cooking and baking. We measure the mass of packages before sending them via mail or courier. Airlines measure the mass of luggage that are loaded onto aeroplanes .

79. Construct Understanding

80. Units of mass 2.5 How Do We Measure Mass? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Unit Symbol kilogram kg gram g centigram cg milligram mg We can convert between the units of mass: 1 kg = 1 000 g 1 g = kg 1 g = 1 000 mg 1 mg = g   The mass of an object is the amount of matter in it.

81. 2.5 How Do We Measure Mass? Mass versus weight ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd is the amount of matter in an object stays the same regardless of where you are is the force of gravity pulling on an object can change depending on where you are Mass Weight

82. 2.5 How Do We Measure Mass? Instruments that measure mass ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Modern beam balance Electronic balance

83. Consolidate Learning

84. Test Yourself 1 What is mass? 2 List two commonly used units of mass. 3 a Name the two main types of balances. b List one advantage of each type. 2.5 How Do We Measure Mass? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

85. Enrich Learning

86. ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd To measure mass using an electronic balance, first set the balance reading to zero. Sometimes, we do not want to include the mass of a container when we measure the mass of a substance. We set the balance reading to zero (tare) after placing the container on the pan of the balance. 2.5 How Do We Measure Mass?

87.  Think and Explore Which balance would you use to measure small masses accurately in the laboratory? Why? Lesson Wrap-up ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

88. Lesson 6A ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

89. Chapter 2 Measurements 2.1 Measurements of Physical Quantities 2.2 How Do We Measure Length? 2.3 How Do We Measure Area? 2.4 How Do We Measure Volume? 2.5 How Do We Measure Mass? 2.6 How Do We Measure Time? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

90. What Will You Learn in This Section? Know how to measure time correctly. Choose equipment and use it properly to carry out an investigation. 2.6 How Do We Measure Time? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

91. 2.6 How Do We Measure Time? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd What are the units of time? At the end of this section, you should be able to answer the following questions: What instruments measure time?

92. Capture Interest

93. Why is it important to measure time? Lesson Trigger ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

94. Construct Understanding

95. Time is used to refer to the duration of events or the intervals between them. Units of time 2.6 How Do We Measure Time? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Unit Symbol hour h minute min second s We can convert between the units of time: 1 h = 60 min 1 min = 60 s 1 s = min 1 min = h  

96. 2.5 How Do We Measure Time? Instruments that measure time ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Wristwatch Smartphone Clock

97. 2.5 How Do We Measure Time? Instruments that measure time intervals ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Stopwatch Laboratory timer

98. Consolidate Learning

99. 2.5 How Do We Measure Time? Test Yourself 1 List three units of time. 2 Name two instruments that keep track of time. 3 Name two instruments used to measure small periods of time. 4 Would you use a watch or a stopwatch to record the time it takes for an athlete to run 800 m? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

100. Lesson Wrap-up Think and Explore The smartphone is now often used as a timer in daily life. Do you think it is more efficient to use a smartphone or a laboratory timer in the laboratory? Why? ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

101. Lesson 6B ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

102. Let’s play a quiz on your personal learning device to check how well you have learnt! Chapter Review ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

103. Chapter Review ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd Let’s Map It

104. Chapter Wrap-up Homework Workbook p. 20, Reflection Student’s Book pp. 47–48, Review Questions Workbook pp. 21–22, Revision Worksheet 2 ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

105. Enrich Learning ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

106. Challenge Yourself 1 Maya is tasked with planning a community space that will have a playground, sections of garden, two lawn areas and three benches. There will be paths connecting the different zones.     a What measurements will Maya need to make?     b What instruments will she use to make the measurements?     c What unit(s) will these measurements need to be in?     d Before Maya chooses the equipment and benches for the playground, she will need to obtain measurements of their sizes and another quantity from the manufacturers. What additional measurement does Maya need? (Hint: Think of the age restrictions usually placed on play equipment.) Chapter Review ©️ 2024 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

107. Acknowledgements

108. runners © seaonweb | 123RF.com