camera,types,working and functionality

this presentation explains about what is camera and how its works and different camera types and their functionalities

1. Rahat Tufail
Roll# SSO12-13
University of the punjab

2. What is a camera
A device that consists of a lightproof
chamber with an aperture fitted with a lens
and a shutter through which the image of an
object is projected onto a surface for
recording (as on film) or for translation into
electrical impulses (as for television
broadcast)

3. Components of a camera
All cameras have included five crucial
components:
(1)The camera box
(2) Film
(3) The light control
(4) The lens
(5) The viewing system

4. Camera History
The Box - approx. 500 years BCE
In ancient times, Greek and Chinese
philosophers discovered a curious
optical effect, and it worked like this
Inside a completely dark room, a tiny hole is created in one wall.
Through the hole light is focused, and the outside scenes projected on
the opposite wall
The effect came to be known as the “camera obscure” which is Latin for
dark room. This was the first camera. The hole acted like a lens, focusing
and projectile.

5. Camera Lens History
2200 years later
Lenses and Optics - 17th century
In the 17th century, the modem camera came one step closer when
Isaac Newton and Christian Huygens perfected the understanding
of optics and the process of making high quality glass lenses

6. Camera Film History
200 years later
Film - 19th century
Soon there were small. portable camera obscures. but an important
piece was missing. . ....FILM
Then in 1827 Joseph Nicéphore Niépce added the final touch. He
added ‘film‘ to create the first successful photograph, and the modern
camera was born: A glass lens, a dark box, and film.

7. Modern film and digital cameras
New digital cameras are very easy to use
just point and shoot. The camera's built-in
computer handles focus and exposure.
It's comforting to know that even the latest digital cameras work
the same way as their ancestors.

8. Digital Film
So what has changed ????
The most recent revolution in photography
is the invention of digital film.
Replacing old-fashioned plastic film, digital cameras
capture the images with an electronic sensor called a
CCD. Photographs are stored on reusable computer
memory cards
The result is that modern photography is cheaper (and more
environmentally friendly) than it has ever been before.

10. Camera Working

11. How the Eye Works
The human eye is remarkable. lt
accommodates to changing lighting
conditions and focuses light rays
originating from various distances from
the eye, When all of the components of
the eye function properly. light is
converted to impulses and conveyed to
the brain where an image is perceived.
The individual components of the eye
work in a manner similar to a camera.
Each part plays a vital role in providing
clear vision.

12. Path of Light
Light Source
Lens
Sensor

13. Pinhole Camera
A pinhole camera is the Simplest camera
possible. It consists of light-proof box, some
sort of film and a Pinhole. Simply an
extremely small hole like you would make
with the tip of pin in a piece of thick
aluminum foil.
The pinhole in a pinhole camera acts as the lens. The pinhole
forces every point emitting light in the scene to form a small point
on the film.

14. The basic technology that makes
all of this possible is fairly simple.
A camera is made of
three basic elements
a. An optical element (the lens)
b. A chemical element (the film)
c. A mechanical element (the
camera body itself).
As we'll see. the only trick to
photography is calibrating and
combining these elements in
such a way as to record a crisp,
recognizable image

15. Types of cameras
BOX camera
PANORAMIC camera
Strip camera
SPY camera
TWIN lens camera
SINGLE lens camera
DIGITAL SLR camera

17. How large the opening (iris)
in the lens is
In photography, aperture is
expressed in f-numbers (for
example f/5.6).
f-numbers that are known as
“f-stops”.
Aperture

18. Area of the image that appears in focus from
foreground to background
Affected by aperture
Depth of Field

20. The length of time a camera shutter is open to expose
light into the camera sensor
Shutter speeds are typically measured in fractions of a
second
1/4 means a quarter of a second, while 1/250 means
one two-hundred-and-fiftieth
Shutter Speed

21. 1/1600 sec

22. Collects light data
The Digital Sensor

23. International Standards Organization
Measures the sensitivity of the sensor
ISO is the level of sensitivity of your camera to
available light.
Higher ISO increases light sensitivity, but also
increases noise
ISO

25. Created by electronic errors
Often described as the camera filling in the
blanks
Noise

27. JPEG-widely popular
TIFF-no compression
RAW-raw data
File Formats

28. To flash or not to flash
Flash