Canal Automation-2018ddddddddddddddddd.pptx

irrigation engineering

1. Canal Automation Dr.Prabhu Ullagaddi Professor Department of Civil Engineering S.G.G.S.Institute of Engineering & Technology, Nanded , Maharashtra

2. The challenge for irrigation engineers is to allocate water in an equitable, efficient, reliable and timely way, while minimizing staff and operating costs . One of the main factors contributing to poor performance is the lack of effective water control in irrigation canal networks. With traditional management tools, an open-channel water conveyance and delivery system is very difficult to manage in real situations, especially for a demand-oriented operation. The irrigation canal system is designed for an upstream mode of operation, with the assumption of steady state flow. The water duty and command area are used to calculate the size of the canal and control structure. Delivery of water for irrigation is a complex spatial and temporal problem; especially given the typically long distances irrigation networks traverse, the travel time for water to reach from one point to another, and the changeable dynamics of canal networks. The first and foremost step in delivering water for irrigation or other consumptive purposes is to know where and when the water is needed, for what duration and in what quantity.

3. Accurately monitoring and controlling the flow of water are fundamental to the efficient management of water resources. Because of the dynamic nature of water flow, water delivery cannot be controlled on the basis of a fixed equation. Rather, real-time, intelligent control systems are required. Water distribution control is like electric power distribution control in that it is greatly improved when system-wide communication and automation are added.

4. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE ON CANAL AUTOMATION In order to plan for a successful canal modernization program, with measurable goals and objectives, that provides water users (irrigators) with improved flexibility, it is not only interesting but also very helpful to review how the science of irrigation canal automation arrived at today’s technology. Then, as now, members of ASCE, working through committees of what was then the Irrigation and Drainage Division, which later merged into EWRI (Environmental & Water Resources Institute), paved the way for presenting and discussing improved operations of irrigation water supply systems. Their deliberations were published in 1968 as Automation of Irrigation and Drainage Systems which contained papers from a conference held in Phoenix, Arizona (ASCE, 1968). ASCE’s Irrigation and Drainage Division moved the technology forward in 1987 by organizing a conference in Portland, Oregon called Planning, Operation, Rehabilitation and Automation of Irrigation Water Delivery Systems (ASCE, 1987). This was followed by USBR’s publication titled Canal Systems Automation Manual (USBR, 1991).

5. AUTOMATION OBJECTIVES The key high level objectives of an irrigation modernisation project are: 1 . To provide high level of service to all water users by supplying consistent flows at the requested time, rate and duration on a 24/7 basis 2 . To provide efficient water conveyance by minimising operational losses and making water available for extending the irrigated area, providing more water to farmers and to sustain the health of the river systems 3 . To reduce the operating costs 4 . To bring transparency and accountability 5 . To create a user friendly and simple platform for water users and irrigation authorities to interface, and 6 . To improve occupational health and safety of canal operators To achieve these objectives, the automation solution implemented must: Have an automated framework that deals with flow order transactions with the water users, and the scheduling Maintain water levels steady at their Full Supply Levels (FSL) in every pool in the canal system. Maintaining water level at FSL will provide the right amount of head and flow for the areas commanded by the canals Eliminate operational spills through escape structures by matching the demand and flow releases at every point in the canal network at any point in time, and Eliminate excess on farm diversions and spills through the end of the farm by enforcing the release of flow exactly as per the crop type, requirement and allocation

6. Irrigation Canal Automation An automated irrigation system refers to the operation of the system with no or just a minimum of manual intervention beside the surveillance. Almost every system can be automated with the help of timers, sensors or computers or mechanical appliances. It makes the irrigation process more efficient and workers can concentrate on other farming tasks. An automation of irrigation system has several positive effects . Once installed, the water distribution on fields is easier and does not have to be permanently controlled by an operator . There are several solutions to design automated irrigation system. An automated irrigation system is developed to optimize water use for agricultural crops. In the automation system Arduino software and Bluetooth based android software is used. The system is designed as it is required at present as well as that may require in future. Fully automatic canal system needs automatic water distribution to the irrigation system.

7. Block Diagram In this system the soil moisture sensor is functional component of the system. The system uses Arduino board which is programmed using ARDUINO IDE software. The measured soil moisture from the soil moisture sensor is in the form of electric voltage level will fed to ADC (Analog Digital Controller)

8. The high-performance Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines 32KB ISP flash memory with read-while-write capabilities, 1KB EEPROM , 2KB SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible timer / counters with compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial programmable USART, a byte-oriented 2-wire serial interface , SPI serial port, 6-channel 10-bit A/D converter ( 8channels In TQFP and QFN/MLF packages ), Programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator, and five software selectable power saving modes. The device operates between 1.8-5.5 volts.

9. II. CONVENTIONAL FLOW MONITORING AND CONTROL SYSTEM Traditional flow monitoring in open channels has been done by monitoring water levels (stages) using a staff gauge as a surrogate. A stage-discharge relationship is developed by using periodic discharge measurements at the site over a range of water levels and time to develop a rating curve. For sites with variable backwater, such as irrigation gate control systems , no reliable stage-discharge relationship can be developed . At these sites, a velocity-index relationship is typically used. A velocity-index relationship is provided by a cross-section survey between the stage and cross-sectional area . Based on the discharge measurements, a flow equation corresponding to the geometry of a specific open channel is developed that provides an approximate flow rate corresponding to the different water levels in an open channel. The irrigation gate position is adjusted manually to compensate for the required target flow by rotating the wheel on top of the gate. The efficiency of the system is very dependent on accurate discharge measurements and precise geometrical calculations for the open channel.

10. Methods of Canal Systems 1. Close Loop System 2. Open Loop System Close Loop System Computer In this system a feedback of actual signal is taken (Flow at each diversion) and then according to difference in reference signal and actual signal, the closing or opening of the gate or valve is controlled to get the desired flow at the diversion. Controller Final Controlling Element Flow Sensor

11. In this we need flow sensor at each diversion. The signal corresponding to each diversion will be controlled and the comparison of actual and desired signal is carried out according to difference the position of the valve will be controlled. In this case we require flow sensors at each diversion and system becomes complicated, if number of diversion are more. The cost of the system may increased to many fold. G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8

12. 2. Open Loop System Signal to different Actuator Data Input In this case we do not need to have a feed back signal from a diversion point. Here opening and closing of the gates is controlled as per reference value of the flow directly. For such type of floe calibration table is prepared or equation is obtained for finding the position of valve or gate, for getting desired flow. As soon as we feed the data , the opening / closing of the valve will be decided and action will be taken. Controller

13. The accuracy of the system will be depends up on the calibration process. i.e. obtaining the opening / closing of the gate w.r.to flow. In this case main role is played by the controller and software developed. Controller : It is basically a digital / Analog controller for automation purpose. We generally employ the computer as controller. Here input data will be ; (i) The flow required at each diversion (ii) The time for which the opening of gate / valve should be presented . Once we feed the data and program is executed, calculation of main flow at main diversion will be done and according to that gate/ valve opening is controlled and then the opening of another gate is also carried out and this opened gate is allowed to remain in the open position for the specified duration