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1. Influence of Pack Size on the Behavior of Canis lupus in Response to Anthropogenic Stimuli in a Natural Environment Francesca Marras Jimenez Università degli Studi di Padova Prof. Gil Guastoni Rosenthal Prof. Martina Lazzaroni Dott. Giacomo Bovo Dipartimento di Biologia

2. The Italian Wolf ISPRA (2021) estimates that there are over 3,000 wolves in Italy, though there are estimates over 4.200 (Mergeay et al., 2024) 1923, classified the wolf as a "harmful species" 70s-> mimimun population size: less than 100 lupi (Boitani, 1984) 1979, the Bern Convention included it in Appendix II ‘strictly protected species’

3. ANTI-PREDATOR BEHAVIORS ARE NOT EXCLUSIVE TO PREY SPECIES (FRID AND DILL, 2002). THE ECOLOGY 0F FEAR WOLVES FEAR HUMANS ‘SUPER-PREDATOR’ (Darimont et al., 2015; Versluijs et al., 2022) "ECOLOGY OF FEAR": THE PRESENCE OF PREDATORS SHAPES PREY BEHAVIOR AND ECOLOGY INDIRECTLY (BLUMSTEIN, 2020) altering patterns of movement HABITAT USE FORAGING TIME AND EVEN POPULATION DYNAMICS

4. FEAR AND RISK ASSESMENT Fear is an emotional state often triggered by the perception of danger aimed at promoting survival that have energetical and ecological costs (Blumstein, 2005). FLEEING FREEZING STARTLING HIDING ASSESS THE RISKS OF A SITUATION BEFORE REACTING WITH FEAR. (STANKOWICH & BLUMSTEIN, 2005) SNIFFING PAUSING OBSERVING

5. ‘SOCIAL BUFFERING’ WHEN FACED WITH DANGER OR STRESS, THE PRESENCE OF CONSPECIFICS CAN ACT AS A POWERFUL BUFFER, SIGNALING SAFETY AND SUPPORT (HENNESSY ET AL., 2009)

6. Analyse how the presence of the pack influences the response of Italian wolves to human-induced fear. AIMS OF THE STUDY

7. NIGHTINGALE TAWNY OWL HUMANS SAMPLING DESING

8. STUDY AREA AND TEST SITES 3.6 M BORDERED TO THE NORTH AND EAST BY THE APENNINE MOUNTAIN RANGE TUSCANY 2022 2023

9. VIDEO AND BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS

10. VIDEO AND BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS

11. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS CONTROL VARIABLES: TABLE 1. DEFINITION OF BEHAVIORS USED FOR ANALYSES TIME OF DAY (NIGHT/DAY) SOUND EVENT NUMBER DEGREE OF URBANIZATION

12. RESULTS FIGURE 1. PROPORTION OF TIME OF “VIGILANT” BEHAVIORS DURING THE TEST CONDITIONS. FIGURE 2. PROPORTION OF TIME OF “VIGILANT” BEHAVIORS IN SOLITARY AND IN PACK CONDITIONS

13. FIGURE 3. PROPORTION OF “FEAR” BEHAVIORS DURING THE TEST CONDITIONS. FIGURE 4. PROPORTION OF “FEAR” BEHAVIORS IN SOLITARY AND IN PACK CONDITIONS RESULTS

14. TIME OF DAY (NIGHT/DAY) SOUND EVENT NUMBER DEGREE OF URBANIZATION LONE WOLVES ARE MORE LIKELY TO SHOW FEAR COMPARED TO THOSE IN GROUPS WOLVES SHOW MORE FEAR AND VIGILANCE TO HUMAN SOUNDS THAN TO OTHER STIMULI. DISCUSSION SUPER PREDATOR

15. THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION “IT HAS BEEN SAID THAT WOLF’S EYES ARE MIRRORS; WHAT DIFFERENT PEOPLE SEE IN THEM IS SIMPLY A REFLECTION OF OURSELVES. COULD THEY REFLECT EVEN MORE, NOT JUST A PERSON’S ATTITUDES TOWARDS WOLVES, BUT TOWARDS THE ENVIRONMENT, WILD LANDS, NATURE ITSELF?” (THEBERGE, 1998). OUR TREATMENT OF THE WOLF MEASURES THE SCOPE OF OUR OWN PLACE IN THE WORLD, WITH RESPECT TO THE LANDSCAPE AND WITH RESPECT TO THE HUMAN AND NONHUMAN INHABITANTS WITH WHOM WE SHARE THAT WORLD.” (WEISS ET AL., 2007).

16. HUMAN FOOTPRINT INDEX