Carbohydrate - additional ppt for paramedical

Carbohydrate

1. Glycogenesis- Glycogenesis is the process of converting glucose into glycogen. It primarily occurs in the liver and muscles. Glycogenesis stores excess glucose for later use. Glycogenolysis - It is the process of breaking down glycogen into glucose, which occurs when the body needs glucose. It's a key part of carbohydrate metabolism and happens in the liver and muscle cells. Glycogenolysis provides immediate energy and maintains blood glucose levels during fasting.

2. Gluconeogenesis - It is a metabolic process that produces glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as lipids and proteins. It occurs in the liver and kidneys to maintain blood glucose levels, especially between meals. Gluconeogenesis is regulated by hormones like insulin, glucagon, and cortisol.

3. The electron transport chain (ETC) It is a series of protein complexes and other molecules that transfer electrons from donors to acceptors. This process is part of oxidative phosphorylation, a highly efficient way to produce ATP, the basic unit of energy for metabolic processes. It occurs along the mitochondrial membrane.

4. Anaerobic respiration is a process that occurs in cells when they break down sugars to produce energy without oxygen. It's different from aerobic respiration, which is a more efficient process that uses oxygen to produce energy. Anaerobic respiration still uses a respiratory electron transport chain, even though oxygen isn't the final electron acceptor. Fermentation: In microorganisms, anaerobic respiration is called fermentation. The equation for anaerobic respiration in plants and yeast is different from that of animals. In plants and yeast, glucose breaks down into ethanol and carbon dioxide.