Carbohydrates and proteins

1. It talks about nutrition, carbohydrates, classification, sources, deficiency diseases.
It also explain about the Protein and its classification, sources, role, function, deficiency diseases in details

1. CARBOHYDRATES
AND
PROTEINS
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
M.Sc., M.A, M.Ed, M.Phil(Edn), M.Phil(ZOO), NET, Ph.D(Edn)
ASST. PROFESSOR,
LOYOLA COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, CHENNAI -34

2. nutrition
The sum of the processes by which humans,
animals, and plants consume and use food is
nutrition.
Food Supply Nutrients
Food supplies your body with nutrients,
substances in food that helps with body
processes (regulate bodily functions,
promote growth, repair body tissues, and
obtain energy).
24-05-2021Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani
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3. SiX DiViSionS oF nutriEntS ArE….
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4. FooD Supply EnErgy…
The foods you eat are your body’s
energy source.
You need energy to maintain your body
temperature, keep your heart beating,
and enable you to understand what you
read.
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can
all be used by the body as sources of
energy.
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6. CArBoHyDrAtES
Carbohydratesarenutrientsmadeofcarbon,hydrogen,
andoxygeninaratioof1:2:1.
Carbohydratesarethechiefsourceofenergy.
Carbohydratessupplyenergyforyourbody’sfunctions
Ediblesugar,starchandcellulose arefewexamplesfor
carbohydrates.
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7. typES oF CArBoHyDrAtES
CARBOHYDRATES
Simple
Carbohydrates
Complex
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
1. Simple sugars,
2. Refined sugars
3. Fruit
4. Milk
Polysaccharides
1. Complex sugar
2. Starches
3. Grain products
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8. Simple Carbohydrates
Simplecarbohydratesaresugars
thatenterthebloodstreamrapidly
andprovidequickenergy.
Simple carbohydrates provide
calories & few vitamins and
minerals.
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9. Complex Carbohydrates
Complex carbohydrates are
made up of sugars that are
linked together chemically to
form long chains.
Starch–a food substance that is
made and stored in most plants.
Provide long-lasting energy
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11. FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydratesservesas
amajorsourceof
energyinthehuman
body.
Theyareessential
components of
production,temperature
controlandproper
functioningofthe
differentpartsofthe
animalbody.
Theyareessential
componentsofmilkas
lactose.

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12. Contd.,
Theyarestoredasglycogen, excessofcarbohydrates inthe
dietisconvertedintofatandstoredinthefatdepot .
Thesearereserveenergymaterialsofthebody inliverand
musclesofanimalsandstarchinplants .
Carbohydratesarehelpfulin absorptionofcalciumand
phosphorusinyoungeranimals.
Theyhelpthesecretionofdigestivejuicesingastrointestinal
tract.
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13. Significance of carbohydrates
Nutritionistsrecommendthat 45-65%ofaperson’sdaily
calorieintakecomefromcarbohydrates.
Itisbettertoeatfoodsrichin complexcarbohydrates
ratherthansimplecarbohydrates.
Carbohydratesareyour body’smainenergysource and
necessaryforyoutothinkandremainactive.
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14. Carbohydrate deficiency
Ketosis
comeswith symptoms,including
headaches,adrymouthandafruity
smelltothebreath.
Knowingthesefunctionsof
carbohydratesshowsusthata
deficiencyofcarbohydratescanleadto
ketosis,excessivebreakdownof
protein,fatigueandadecreasedenergy
levelaswellasreducedfiberintake.
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16. PROTEINS
Proteinisanimportantcomponentofeverycellinthebody.
Hairandnailsaremostlymadeofprotein.
Ourbodyusesproteintobuildandrepairtissues.
Wealsouseproteintomakeenzymes,hormones,andother
bodychemicals.
Proteinisanimportantbuildingblockofbones,muscles,
cartilage,skin,andblood.
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17. Sources of proteins
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18. AMINO ACIDS…
Aminoacidsarethemonomersthatmakeupproteins .
Specifically,aproteinismadeupof oneormorelinearchains ofamino
acids,eachofwhichiscalledapolypeptide.
Thereare21typesofaminoacids commonlyfoundinproteins.
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19. ROLE FUNCTIONS
Building
Materials
Building blocks of most body
structures (ie. bones and tooth cells)
lay down a matrix of the protein collagen
Needed for replacement of cells
Enzymes Facilitate chemical reactionswithout
being changed in the process
Catalysts in the body that help break down,
build upand change one substance into
another.
Hormones chemical messengers secreted into
the bloodstream by various organs to
travel to a target organ
Influence Insulin actionon blood glucose
regulate certain body activities so that a
constant internal environment (homeostasis)is
maintained
Regulators of
Fluid Balance
Proteins help to maintain the body’s
fluid balanceProteins trapped within
cells and in the plasma attract water
If plasma proteins enter the interstitial spaces
faster than they can be cleared, fluid
accumulates and causes swelling (edema)
Acid-Base
Regulators
Releasing hydrogen ions,maintain
the acid-base balance of the blood
and body fluids
The extremes of acidosis and alkalosis lead to
coma and death, largely because they denature
working proteins
Transporters The body fluids, carrying nutrients
and other molecules
Hemoglobincarries oxygen from the lungs to the
cells
Blood ClottingFibrin:protein fibers involved in
forming clots
a cut or a wound will stop bleeding.
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20. Protein deficiency…
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21. CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEIN
PROTEIN
Complete Proteins
Incomplete Proteins
Complementary
Proteins
High quality Food proteins
that provide all the essential
amino acids in the
proportions needed by the
body.eg,., meats, poultry,
eggs, milk,
Lacks one or more
amino acids Cannot
build tissue without help
eg.,dried beans and
peas, grains, nuts
The ability of 2 protein
foods to make up for the
lack of certain amino
acids in each other when
eaten over the course of a
day. Eg.,corn and
beans, rice and beans
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22. Protein Deficiency
Muscle wasting occurs.
Albumin (protein in blood plasma) deficiency causes
edema.
Loss of appetite, strength, and weight Lethargy,
depression, and slow wound healing
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23. Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM)
Lack protein and energy-rich
foods Found in developing
countries with shortages of
protein andenergy-rich
foods Causes stunted growth
in children Mental retardation
may occur in infants born
from mothers with protein
deficiency.
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24. Marasmus
Affects very young children Results from severe
malnutrition
(lack of energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals)
Emaciated, no edema Hair is dull and dry; skin is
thin and wrinkled
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25. Kwashiorkor
Fat accumulates in the liver, and lack of protein and
hormones results in edema, painful skin lesions
Changes in pigmentation of skin and hair High mortality rate
Kwashiorkor
Marasmus-Kwashiorkor Mix Characterized by the edema of
kwashiorkor with the wasting of marasmus
Some believe that kwashiorkor and marasmus are 2 stages of
the same disease
Marasmus represents the body’s adaptation to starvation, and
kwashiorkor develops when adaptation fails
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26. Contd.,
Infections In PEM, antibodies to fight off invading bacteria are
degraded to provide amino acids for other uses,leaving the
malnourished child vulnerable to infections
Blood proteins are no longer synthesized leaving the child
anemic and weak
Infections combined with PEM are responsible for 2/3 of
deaths in young children in developing countries
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27. REFERENCE
“SCIENCE READER”
Tamil Nadu text book
NCERT Books
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