Carbon Stock Assessment in Banten Province and Demak, Central Java, Indonesia

Presented by Milkah Royna (Student Intern, CIFOR-ICRAF) at the "Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems: Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda" event in Bogor, 29 April 2024.

1. Climate Change Adaptation
and Mitigation with
Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, Indonesia
Introducing Mangrove Ecosystems
Strategies to the Climate Change Agenda
MilkahRoyna, TrialaksitaSari Priska Ardhani,
PhidjuMarrinSagala, Daniel Murdiyarso, and
SigitD. Sasmito
Carbon Stock Assessment in
Banten Province and
Demak, Central Java,
Indonesia

2. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, IndonesiaBackground
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosystems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
absorption and viviparous seed germination. Mangroves
are critical components of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems,
known for their effective carbon dioxide absorption
from the atmosphere and significant carbon storage
capabilities, surpassing that of warm-temperate forests.
This positions them as valuable assets in the global effort
to combat climate change.
The Indo-West Pacific Region, which includes East
Asia, hosts the most diverse mangrove ecosystems in
the world, with distribution area gradually expanding
and migrating owing to climate change. The Korean
Peninsula is situated in the northernmost subtropical
climate area in East Asia, where the Kuroshio Current in
the Western Pacific Ocean has consistently influenced
the distribution of subtropical plants. Currently, two
species of semi-mangrove trees inhabit coastal areas in
Korea — Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
©
M
o
k
h
a
m
a
d

E
d
lia
d
i/
C
I
F
O
R
— particularly on Jeju Island, with their distribution
and range expanding incrementally. These species,
adaptable to both intertidal zones and terrestrial habitats,
lack the typical mangrove traits of aerial roots and unique
seed germination. Despite this, they offer potential
for carbon absorption and climate change mitigation.
A recent predictive study demonstrated the potential
expansion of the distribution of subtropical plants in East
Asia, including the possible establishment of mangroves
in Korea, owing to climate change.
This symposium seeks to highlight the crucial ecological
and climate roles of mangrove and semi-mangrove
ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia, we aim to explore
the carbon-sequestration potential of these species.
Key discussions will include nursery and propagation
strategies suitable for local climates, methods to
enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas, and
effective management practices for maintaining these
ecosystems.This symposium seeks to highlight the
crucial ecological and climate roles of mangrove and
semi-mangrove ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia,
we aim to explore the carbon-sequestration potential
of these species. Key discussions will include nursery
and propagation strategies suitable for local climates,
methods to enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas,
and effective management practices for maintaining
these ecosystems.
Beyond green carbon: 3
rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
Indonesia has a numerous study on blue carbon especially mangroves
However, soil carbon stock assessment still needs improvement
Source: Milica et al.(2023)
What is the current gap?

3. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, IndonesiaBackground
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosystems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
absorption and viviparous seed germination. Mangroves
are critical components of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems,
known for their effective carbon dioxide absorption
from the atmosphere and significant carbon storage
capabilities, surpassing that of warm-temperate forests.
This positions them as valuable assets in the global effort
to combat climate change.
The Indo-West Pacific Region, which includes East
Asia, hosts the most diverse mangrove ecosystems in
the world, with distribution area gradually expanding
and migrating owing to climate change. The Korean
Peninsula is situated in the northernmost subtropical
climate area in East Asia, where the Kuroshio Current in
the Western Pacific Ocean has consistently influenced
the distribution of subtropical plants. Currently, two
species of semi-mangrove trees inhabit coastal areas in
Korea — Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
©
M
o
k
h
a
m
a
d

E
d
lia
d
i/
C
I
F
O
R
— particularly on Jeju Island, with their distribution
and range expanding incrementally. These species,
adaptable to both intertidal zones and terrestrial habitats,
lack the typical mangrove traits of aerial roots and unique
seed germination. Despite this, they offer potential
for carbon absorption and climate change mitigation.
A recent predictive study demonstrated the potential
expansion of the distribution of subtropical plants in East
Asia, including the possible establishment of mangroves
in Korea, owing to climate change.
This symposium seeks to highlight the crucial ecological
and climate roles of mangrove and semi-mangrove
ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia, we aim to explore
the carbon-sequestration potential of these species.
Key discussions will include nursery and propagation
strategies suitable for local climates, methods to
enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas, and
effective management practices for maintaining these
ecosystems.This symposium seeks to highlight the
crucial ecological and climate roles of mangrove and
semi-mangrove ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia,
we aim to explore the carbon-sequestration potential
of these species. Key discussions will include nursery
and propagation strategies suitable for local climates,
methods to enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas,
and effective management practices for maintaining
these ecosystems.
Beyond green carbon: 3
rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
Variation in soil carbon stock assessment:
1.Methodology and C analysis
2.Soil depth
Source: Milica et al.(2023) and Kauffman and Donato (2012)

4. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, IndonesiaBackground
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosystems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
absorption and viviparous seed germination. Mangroves
are critical components of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems,
known for their effective carbon dioxide absorption
from the atmosphere and significant carbon storage
capabilities, surpassing that of warm-temperate forests.
This positions them as valuable assets in the global effort
to combat climate change.
The Indo-West Pacific Region, which includes East
Asia, hosts the most diverse mangrove ecosystems in
the world, with distribution area gradually expanding
and migrating owing to climate change. The Korean
Peninsula is situated in the northernmost subtropical
climate area in East Asia, where the Kuroshio Current in
the Western Pacific Ocean has consistently influenced
the distribution of subtropical plants. Currently, two
species of semi-mangrove trees inhabit coastal areas in
Korea — Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
©
M
o
k
h
a
m
a
d

E
d
lia
d
i/
C
I
F
O
R
— particularly on Jeju Island, with their distribution
and range expanding incrementally. These species,
adaptable to both intertidal zones and terrestrial habitats,
lack the typical mangrove traits of aerial roots and unique
seed germination. Despite this, they offer potential
for carbon absorption and climate change mitigation.
A recent predictive study demonstrated the potential
expansion of the distribution of subtropical plants in East
Asia, including the possible establishment of mangroves
in Korea, owing to climate change.
This symposium seeks to highlight the crucial ecological
and climate roles of mangrove and semi-mangrove
ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia, we aim to explore
the carbon-sequestration potential of these species.
Key discussions will include nursery and propagation
strategies suitable for local climates, methods to
enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas, and
effective management practices for maintaining these
ecosystems.This symposium seeks to highlight the
crucial ecological and climate roles of mangrove and
semi-mangrove ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia,
we aim to explore the carbon-sequestration potential
of these species. Key discussions will include nursery
and propagation strategies suitable for local climates,
methods to enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas,
and effective management practices for maintaining
these ecosystems.
Beyond green carbon: 3
rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
The total ecosystem carbon
stock assessment:
1) Aboveground
2) Belowground
3) Woody debris or
necromass
4) Soil
Murdiyarsoet al. (2024) Murdiyarsoet al. (2017) Photo by AuliaErlangga/CIFOR-ICRAF

5. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, IndonesiaBackground
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosystems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
absorption and viviparous seed germination. Mangroves
are critical components of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems,
known for their effective carbon dioxide absorption
from the atmosphere and significant carbon storage
capabilities, surpassing that of warm-temperate forests.
This positions them as valuable assets in the global effort
to combat climate change.
The Indo-West Pacific Region, which includes East
Asia, hosts the most diverse mangrove ecosystems in
the world, with distribution area gradually expanding
and migrating owing to climate change. The Korean
Peninsula is situated in the northernmost subtropical
climate area in East Asia, where the Kuroshio Current in
the Western Pacific Ocean has consistently influenced
the distribution of subtropical plants. Currently, two
species of semi-mangrove trees inhabit coastal areas in
Korea — Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
©
M
o
k
h
a
m
a
d

E
d
lia
d
i/
C
I
F
O
R
— particularly on Jeju Island, with their distribution
and range expanding incrementally. These species,
adaptable to both intertidal zones and terrestrial habitats,
lack the typical mangrove traits of aerial roots and unique
seed germination. Despite this, they offer potential
for carbon absorption and climate change mitigation.
A recent predictive study demonstrated the potential
expansion of the distribution of subtropical plants in East
Asia, including the possible establishment of mangroves
in Korea, owing to climate change.
This symposium seeks to highlight the crucial ecological
and climate roles of mangrove and semi-mangrove
ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia, we aim to explore
the carbon-sequestration potential of these species.
Key discussions will include nursery and propagation
strategies suitable for local climates, methods to
enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas, and
effective management practices for maintaining these
ecosystems.This symposium seeks to highlight the
crucial ecological and climate roles of mangrove and
semi-mangrove ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia,
we aim to explore the carbon-sequestration potential
of these species. Key discussions will include nursery
and propagation strategies suitable for local climates,
methods to enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas,
and effective management practices for maintaining
these ecosystems.
Beyond green carbon: 3
rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
(Degraded Mangrove)
(Conserved Mangrove)
Study sites
1. Sawah Luhur, Banten
-Fringe mangrove
-Interior mangrove
-Dense-silvofishery pond
-Sparse-silvofishery pond
-Non-silvofishery pond
2. Sayung& Wedung, Demak
-Mangrove forest
-Working pond
-Abandoned pondSource: Sagalaet al. (2024)

6. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, IndonesiaBackground
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosystems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
absorption and viviparous seed germination. Mangroves
are critical components of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems,
known for their effective carbon dioxide absorption
from the atmosphere and significant carbon storage
capabilities, surpassing that of warm-temperate forests.
This positions them as valuable assets in the global effort
to combat climate change.
The Indo-West Pacific Region, which includes East
Asia, hosts the most diverse mangrove ecosystems in
the world, with distribution area gradually expanding
and migrating owing to climate change. The Korean
Peninsula is situated in the northernmost subtropical
climate area in East Asia, where the Kuroshio Current in
the Western Pacific Ocean has consistently influenced
the distribution of subtropical plants. Currently, two
species of semi-mangrove trees inhabit coastal areas in
Korea — Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
©
M
o
k
h
a
m
a
d

E
d
lia
d
i/
C
I
F
O
R
— particularly on Jeju Island, with their distribution
and range expanding incrementally. These species,
adaptable to both intertidal zones and terrestrial habitats,
lack the typical mangrove traits of aerial roots and unique
seed germination. Despite this, they offer potential
for carbon absorption and climate change mitigation.
A recent predictive study demonstrated the potential
expansion of the distribution of subtropical plants in East
Asia, including the possible establishment of mangroves
in Korea, owing to climate change.
This symposium seeks to highlight the crucial ecological
and climate roles of mangrove and semi-mangrove
ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia, we aim to explore
the carbon-sequestration potential of these species.
Key discussions will include nursery and propagation
strategies suitable for local climates, methods to
enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas, and
effective management practices for maintaining these
ecosystems.This symposium seeks to highlight the
crucial ecological and climate roles of mangrove and
semi-mangrove ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia,
we aim to explore the carbon-sequestration potential
of these species. Key discussions will include nursery
and propagation strategies suitable for local climates,
methods to enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas,
and effective management practices for maintaining
these ecosystems.
Beyond green carbon: 3
rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
FM: Fringe mangrove
IM: Interior mangrove
DSP: Dense-silvofishery pond
SSP: Sparse-silvofishery pond
NSP: Non-silvofishery pond
Roynaet al. (2024)
Banten Demak (Ardhaniet al. Under prep.)
Dominated by Avicenniamarina

7. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, IndonesiaBackground
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosystems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
absorption and viviparous seed germination. Mangroves
are critical components of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems,
known for their effective carbon dioxide absorption
from the atmosphere and significant carbon storage
capabilities, surpassing that of warm-temperate forests.
This positions them as valuable assets in the global effort
to combat climate change.
The Indo-West Pacific Region, which includes East
Asia, hosts the most diverse mangrove ecosystems in
the world, with distribution area gradually expanding
and migrating owing to climate change. The Korean
Peninsula is situated in the northernmost subtropical
climate area in East Asia, where the Kuroshio Current in
the Western Pacific Ocean has consistently influenced
the distribution of subtropical plants. Currently, two
species of semi-mangrove trees inhabit coastal areas in
Korea — Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
©
M
o
k
h
a
m
a
d

E
d
lia
d
i/
C
I
F
O
R
— particularly on Jeju Island, with their distribution
and range expanding incrementally. These species,
adaptable to both intertidal zones and terrestrial habitats,
lack the typical mangrove traits of aerial roots and unique
seed germination. Despite this, they offer potential
for carbon absorption and climate change mitigation.
A recent predictive study demonstrated the potential
expansion of the distribution of subtropical plants in East
Asia, including the possible establishment of mangroves
in Korea, owing to climate change.
This symposium seeks to highlight the crucial ecological
and climate roles of mangrove and semi-mangrove
ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia, we aim to explore
the carbon-sequestration potential of these species.
Key discussions will include nursery and propagation
strategies suitable for local climates, methods to
enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas, and
effective management practices for maintaining these
ecosystems.This symposium seeks to highlight the
crucial ecological and climate roles of mangrove and
semi-mangrove ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia,
we aim to explore the carbon-sequestration potential
of these species. Key discussions will include nursery
and propagation strategies suitable for local climates,
methods to enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas,
and effective management practices for maintaining
these ecosystems.
Beyond green carbon: 3
rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
Soil carbon stock & properties loss in Banten
Roynaet al. (2024)

8. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, IndonesiaBackground
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosystems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
absorption and viviparous seed germination. Mangroves
are critical components of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems,
known for their effective carbon dioxide absorption
from the atmosphere and significant carbon storage
capabilities, surpassing that of warm-temperate forests.
This positions them as valuable assets in the global effort
to combat climate change.
The Indo-West Pacific Region, which includes East
Asia, hosts the most diverse mangrove ecosystems in
the world, with distribution area gradually expanding
and migrating owing to climate change. The Korean
Peninsula is situated in the northernmost subtropical
climate area in East Asia, where the Kuroshio Current in
the Western Pacific Ocean has consistently influenced
the distribution of subtropical plants. Currently, two
species of semi-mangrove trees inhabit coastal areas in
Korea — Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
©
M
o
k
h
a
m
a
d

E
d
lia
d
i/
C
I
F
O
R
— particularly on Jeju Island, with their distribution
and range expanding incrementally. These species,
adaptable to both intertidal zones and terrestrial habitats,
lack the typical mangrove traits of aerial roots and unique
seed germination. Despite this, they offer potential
for carbon absorption and climate change mitigation.
A recent predictive study demonstrated the potential
expansion of the distribution of subtropical plants in East
Asia, including the possible establishment of mangroves
in Korea, owing to climate change.
This symposium seeks to highlight the crucial ecological
and climate roles of mangrove and semi-mangrove
ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia, we aim to explore
the carbon-sequestration potential of these species.
Key discussions will include nursery and propagation
strategies suitable for local climates, methods to
enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas, and
effective management practices for maintaining these
ecosystems.This symposium seeks to highlight the
crucial ecological and climate roles of mangrove and
semi-mangrove ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia,
we aim to explore the carbon-sequestration potential
of these species. Key discussions will include nursery
and propagation strategies suitable for local climates,
methods to enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas,
and effective management practices for maintaining
these ecosystems.
Beyond green carbon: 3
rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
Soil carbon stock & properties loss in Demak
(Ardhaniet al. Under prep.)
Photo by AuliaErlangga/CIFOR-ICRAF
Photo by AuliaErlangga/CIFOR-ICRAF

9. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, IndonesiaBackground
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosystems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
absorption and viviparous seed germination. Mangroves
are critical components of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems,
known for their effective carbon dioxide absorption
from the atmosphere and significant carbon storage
capabilities, surpassing that of warm-temperate forests.
This positions them as valuable assets in the global effort
to combat climate change.
The Indo-West Pacific Region, which includes East
Asia, hosts the most diverse mangrove ecosystems in
the world, with distribution area gradually expanding
and migrating owing to climate change. The Korean
Peninsula is situated in the northernmost subtropical
climate area in East Asia, where the Kuroshio Current in
the Western Pacific Ocean has consistently influenced
the distribution of subtropical plants. Currently, two
species of semi-mangrove trees inhabit coastal areas in
Korea — Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
©
M
o
k
h
a
m
a
d

E
d
lia
d
i/
C
I
F
O
R
— particularly on Jeju Island, with their distribution
and range expanding incrementally. These species,
adaptable to both intertidal zones and terrestrial habitats,
lack the typical mangrove traits of aerial roots and unique
seed germination. Despite this, they offer potential
for carbon absorption and climate change mitigation.
A recent predictive study demonstrated the potential
expansion of the distribution of subtropical plants in East
Asia, including the possible establishment of mangroves
in Korea, owing to climate change.
This symposium seeks to highlight the crucial ecological
and climate roles of mangrove and semi-mangrove
ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia, we aim to explore
the carbon-sequestration potential of these species.
Key discussions will include nursery and propagation
strategies suitable for local climates, methods to
enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas, and
effective management practices for maintaining these
ecosystems.This symposium seeks to highlight the
crucial ecological and climate roles of mangrove and
semi-mangrove ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia,
we aim to explore the carbon-sequestration potential
of these species. Key discussions will include nursery
and propagation strategies suitable for local climates,
methods to enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas,
and effective management practices for maintaining
these ecosystems.
Beyond green carbon: 3
rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
Key messages
•Conservation gain more carbon stock than rehabilitation. However, development
such as diverse species mangrove planting should be considered
•Degraded mangrove in storing carbon could be enhanced by permeable barrier.
However, mangrove rehabilitation provide more sustain solution
Conservation over rehabilitation!

10. Climate Change Adaptation and
Mitigation with Mangrove Ecosystems
Beyond Green Carbon: The 3rd International Symposium
29 April 2024 | CIFOR-ICRAF Headquarters, Bogor, IndonesiaBackground
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosystems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
absorption and viviparous seed germination. Mangroves
are critical components of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems,
known for their effective carbon dioxide absorption
from the atmosphere and significant carbon storage
capabilities, surpassing that of warm-temperate forests.
This positions them as valuable assets in the global effort
to combat climate change.
The Indo-West Pacific Region, which includes East
Asia, hosts the most diverse mangrove ecosystems in
the world, with distribution area gradually expanding
and migrating owing to climate change. The Korean
Peninsula is situated in the northernmost subtropical
climate area in East Asia, where the Kuroshio Current in
the Western Pacific Ocean has consistently influenced
the distribution of subtropical plants. Currently, two
species of semi-mangrove trees inhabit coastal areas in
Korea — Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
©
M
o
k
h
a
m
a
d

E
d
lia
d
i/
C
I
F
O
R
— particularly on Jeju Island, with their distribution
and range expanding incrementally. These species,
adaptable to both intertidal zones and terrestrial habitats,
lack the typical mangrove traits of aerial roots and unique
seed germination. Despite this, they offer potential
for carbon absorption and climate change mitigation.
A recent predictive study demonstrated the potential
expansion of the distribution of subtropical plants in East
Asia, including the possible establishment of mangroves
in Korea, owing to climate change.
This symposium seeks to highlight the crucial ecological
and climate roles of mangrove and semi-mangrove
ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia, we aim to explore
the carbon-sequestration potential of these species.
Key discussions will include nursery and propagation
strategies suitable for local climates, methods to
enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas, and
effective management practices for maintaining these
ecosystems.This symposium seeks to highlight the
crucial ecological and climate roles of mangrove and
semi-mangrove ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia,
we aim to explore the carbon-sequestration potential
of these species. Key discussions will include nursery
and propagation strategies suitable for local climates,
methods to enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas,
and effective management practices for maintaining
these ecosystems.
Beyond green carbon: 3
rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
Bit.ly/BantenBC
[email protected]

11. CIFOR-ICRAF
CIFOR-ICRAF harnesses the power of trees, forests and agroforestry landscapes
to address the most pressing global challenges of our time -biodiversity loss,
climate change, food security, livelihoods and inequity.Background
Mangroves, which are distinct forests in coastal and
estuarine saline wetlands of tropical and subtropical
regions, are pivotal in addressing the climate crisis.
Comprising various species, these ecosystems are
categorized into ‘exclusive’ (true mangroves) and ‘non-
exclusive’ (semi-mangroves or mangrove associates).
True mangroves excel in saline environments, with
specialized adaptations like aerial roots for oxygen
absorption and viviparous seed germination. Mangroves
are critical components of ‘blue carbon’ ecosystems,
known for their effective carbon dioxide absorption
from the atmosphere and significant carbon storage
capabilities, surpassing that of warm-temperate forests.
This positions them as valuable assets in the global effort
to combat climate change.
The Indo-West Pacific Region, which includes East
Asia, hosts the most diverse mangrove ecosystems in
the world, with distribution area gradually expanding
and migrating owing to climate change. The Korean
Peninsula is situated in the northernmost subtropical
climate area in East Asia, where the Kuroshio Current in
the Western Pacific Ocean has consistently influenced
the distribution of subtropical plants. Currently, two
species of semi-mangrove trees inhabit coastal areas in
Korea — Hibiscus hamabo and Paliurus ramosissimus
Climate change adaptation
and mitigation with
mangrove ecosystems
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— particularly on Jeju Island, with their distribution
and range expanding incrementally. These species,
adaptable to both intertidal zones and terrestrial habitats,
lack the typical mangrove traits of aerial roots and unique
seed germination. Despite this, they offer potential
for carbon absorption and climate change mitigation.
A recent predictive study demonstrated the potential
expansion of the distribution of subtropical plants in East
Asia, including the possible establishment of mangroves
in Korea, owing to climate change.
This symposium seeks to highlight the crucial ecological
and climate roles of mangrove and semi-mangrove
ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia, we aim to explore
the carbon-sequestration potential of these species.
Key discussions will include nursery and propagation
strategies suitable for local climates, methods to
enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas, and
effective management practices for maintaining these
ecosystems.This symposium seeks to highlight the
crucial ecological and climate roles of mangrove and
semi-mangrove ecosystems. Focusing on East Asia,
we aim to explore the carbon-sequestration potential
of these species. Key discussions will include nursery
and propagation strategies suitable for local climates,
methods to enhance carbon absorption in coastal areas,
and effective management practices for maintaining
these ecosystems.
Beyond green carbon: 3
rd
international symposium 2024
Introducing mangrove ecosystems
strategies to the climate change agenda
29 April 2024, 09:00 AM –15:30 PM (GMT+7) | Amazon Room, CIFOR
Thank you