Cardiac Glycosides and plants

STROPANTHUS,DIGITALIS,SQUILL,NERIUM

1. CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE CARDIAC GLYCOSIDE

2. Presented by: Name Roll Md Asaduzzaman Nur ASH1803015 M Jahidul islam showrov ASH1803016 M Jannatul Fardoush BKH1803018 F Md.Murad ASH1803019 M Shahadul Islam ASH1803020 M Subrina Chowdhury BKH1803022 F

3. Outline Cardiac glycoside What is Cradiac Glycosides,Characteristics,Uses Cardiac glycoside containing drugs Digitalis Uses,Toxic Effect Stropanthus Synonym,Sources,Chemical constituents, Characteristics,, Uses Squill Synonym,Sources,Chemical constituents,Characteristics,Uses Nerium Synonym,Sources,Charteristics,Chemical constituents,Uses

4. c ardiac glycosides C ardiac glycosides are steroidal glycosides and show highly specific and powerful action upon the cardiac muscles.The sugar part is attached at C-3 position of thesteroidal nucleas . General characteristics of cardiac glycosides : cardiac glycosides originally present in the plant but some of them are resulted from removal of one sugar from the primary glycosides. e,g . Digitoxin . cardiac glycosides usually solids either amorphous or crystalline. They are usually bitter in taste. Cardiac glycosides are generally non volatile. Reduce fehlings solution only after hydrolysis. Soluble in water and polar organic solvent.

5. Uses of cardiac glycoside C ardiac glycosides have long served as the main medical treatment to the congestive heart failure and cardiac arrhyrhmia , due to their effects of increasing the force of muscle contraction while reducing heart rate. Cardiac glycosides inhibit Na+/k+- ATPase. Increasing cardiac contractility and decreasing AV conduction and heart rate. Reduce intracellular Na+ concentration.

6. Digitalis Synonym: Foxglove , Purple foxgloves, Fairy gloves, Digitora , Neodigitalis , Pil-digis , Folia- digitali , Digitalis folium etc. Biological source: Digitalis consists of dried leaves of Digitalis Purpurea Linn. processing not less than 0.3 percent of total cardenolides calculated as digitoxin . The collected leaves are immediately dried at a temperature below 60 degree and stored in a water proof container. The moisture should not be less than 5 percent. (Family: Scrophulariaceae ). Geographical source : Digitalis Purpurea Linn. is native to and widespread throughout most of temperate Europe. It is also naturalised in parts of North America and some other temperate regions.

7. Characteristics of digitalis Digitalis purpurea is a BIENNIAL growing to 1.2 m (4ft) by 0.6 m (2ft in) at a medium rate. It is hardy to zone (UK) 5 and is not frost tender. It is in flower from June to September, and the seeds ripen from August to October. The species is hermaphrodite (has both male and female organs) and is pollinated by Bees. It is noted for attracting wildlife. Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils. Suitable pH: acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils. It can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or no shade. It prefers dry or moist soil.

8. Chemical constituent of digitalis Digitalis contains about 35 glycosides. Digitalis contains 0.2 to 0.45% of both primary and secondary glycosides. Primary glycosides: Purpurea glycosides A & B, glucogetaloxin And Secondary are- digitoxin , gitoxin and getaloxin . Primary glycosides are less stable and less significant than secondary glycosides. Purpurea glycosides A and B constitute the principle active constituent of the fresh leaves. In addition to Cardiac glycosides, tannins, inositol, luteolin , acids, fatty matters, antirhinic acid, digitalosmin etc have also been found in Digitalis.

9. Uses of digitalis Digitalis medicine strengthen the rate of heartbeat by increasing the amount of calcium in the heart's cell. Digitalis medicine control irregular heart rhythm by slowing the signals that start in the sinoatrial node. It is used to treat congestive heart failure and heart rhythm problems. Digitalis can increase the blood flow throughout the body and reduce swelling in hands and ankles. It is used to treat cardiac contractility and as an antiarrhythmic agent to control the heart rate, particularly in the irregular atrial fibrillation. Digoxin for symptomatic chronic heart failure for patient with reduced systolic function, preservation of systolic function, and rate control for atrial fibrillation with a rapid ventricular response.

10. Toxic effect of digitalis Digitalis toxicity can be caused by high levels of digitalis in the body. A lower tolerance to the drug can also cause digitalis toxicity. Diuretics medicine are given to heart failure patient. Many diuretics can cause potassium loss. A low level of potassium in the body can increase the risk of digitalis toxicity. An irregular heartbeat that causes dizziness, feeling that the heart has skipped a beat, shortness of breath, sweating or fainting. Hallucinations, confusion and mental changes like depression. Unusual tiredness or weakness. Trouble with eyesight, such as blurry eye sight, double vision, seeing yellow, green or white halos around objects. A loss of appetite or an upset stomach. Digitoxin may cause a variety of arrhythmias in patients. It frequently causes vomiting, anorexia and diarrhea . Digitoxin has adverse effects potentiated by hypokalemia , reduced by hyperkalemia .

11. STROPHANTHUS Synonyms: Semina strophanthi Strophanthus seeds Biological source: The ripe seeds of Strophanthus kombe Olive, S.hispidus DC. Geographical source: Wild in the forest of East Africa near lakes of Nyasaland and Tanganyika. Portuguese East Africa at present cultivated in Cameroon

12. Chemical constituents of strophanthus Strophanthin -K(2-5 %) Kombic acid Choline Trigonelline Fixed oil (30%)

13. Characteristics of strophanthus Strophanthus kombe is a deciduous vine, that under solitary conditions can be found as a shrub. Most frequently, it occurs as a climbing vine that grows to the highest points on tall trees. It is seen curling on the ground and draping from tree to tree. It can grow up to 3.5 meters, with a stem that grows up to 10 cm in diameter. The bark is a reddish brown, with dark brown, grey or black lenticels. The roots are thick and fleshy. The papery leaves are simple, and found in opposite arrangement. The young leaves are exceptionally hairy on both sides, but as they age, the top of the leaves become smooth. One to twelve cream colored flowers can be found on the peduncle. They are narrowly ovate or linear and slightly unequal. The dichasial cyme inflorescence is on the terminal end of the plant.

14. Uses of strophanthus In acute cardiac failure. Hypertensive Diuretic in cardiac edema. hardening of the arteries(arteriosclerosis) It has been used as an arrow poison in Africa. Heart problems. High blood pressure .

15. SQUILL Synonym: Scientific Name(s):   Urginea indica ( Roxb .) Kunth . (Indian squill ), Urginea maritima (L.) Baker (European or white squill ), Urginea maritima var. pancratium Stein Baker (red squill ) Common Name(s):  European squill , Indian squill , Mediterranean squill , Red squill , Scilla , Sea onion, Sea squill , White squill

16. Sources of squill Geographical: This plant often grows in rocky coastal habitat, especially in the  Mediterranean Basin , where it is common.It occurs in many other types of habitat, except for the driest deserts.It can grow in open and also in very shady areas.Its habit of producing leaves in the spring and flowers in the fall is an adaptation to the Mediterranean climate of its native range, where the summers are hot and dry.It is native to southern Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa .

17. Chemical Constituents of squill Chemical Class: The Chemical Class of Squill is Cardioglycosides . Active Constituent: The active Constituent used in the squill is Scillaren A .

18. Characteristics of squill This plant grows from a large bulb which can be up to 20 cm (7.9 in) wide and weigh 1 kg (2.2  lb ). Several bulbs may grow in a clump and are usually just beneath the surface of the soil. In the spring, each bulb produces a rosette of about ten leaves each up to a meter long. They are dark green in color and leathery in texture. hey die away by fall, when the bulb produces a tall, narrow raceme of flowers. This   inflorescence can reach 1.5–2 m (4  ft 11 in–6  ft 7 in) in height .   The flower is about 1.5 cm (0.59 in) wide and has six  tepals  each with a dark stripe down the middle. The tepals are white, with the exception of those on the red-flowered form. The fruit is a capsule up to 1.2 cm (0.47 in) long.

19. Uses of squill Sea squill contains cardiac glycosides which are strongly diuretic and relatively quick-acting. The bulb has been widely used by herbalists, mainly for its effect upon the heart and for its stimulating, expectorant and diuretic properties. The fresh bulb is slightly more active medicinally than the dried bulb, but it also contains a viscid acrid juice that can cause skin inflammations. This is a very poisonous plant and it should only be used under the supervision of a qualified practitioner. The dried bulb is cardiotonic , strongly diuretic, emetic when taken in large doses and expectorant. The bulb can weigh up to 2 kilos. It is used internally in the treatment of bronchitis, bronchitic asthma, whooping cough and edema. Externally , the bulb has been used in the treatment of dandruff and seborrhoea .

20. Nerium Synonym: oleander Medik , Nerium Oleander, Oleander indica Medik , Oleander Vulgaris Medik .  Biological Source- Nerium Oleander is a shrub or small tree in the dog bane family Apocynaeceae,toxic in all it's parts.it is the only species currently classified in the genus Nerium . Geographical source- Nerium Oleander is either native or naturalized to a broad area from Mauritania,Morocco and Portugal, Eastward through the Mediterranean region and the Sahara,to the Arabian,Peninsula , southern Asia, Yunnan, Southern parts of China.

21. Characteristics of nerium E very green shrub or small tree with thick,gummy,clear sap,leaves opposite or whorled,simple,leathery,with smooth margins and conspicuous pinnate veins. Flowers clustered at tip of twigs,5-parted,funnel-shaped,white,pink, Red or yellow, hight : 7- 12.                                     There are large numbers of secondary metabolic compounds found in plants .Phytochemical technique mainly applies to the control of herbal medicine of various chemical components such as saponins , alkaloids, flavanoids and anthraquinones . The entire plant , including the milky white sap is toxic and any part of the plant can cause adverse reaction.               

22. Chemical constituents of nerium The most well known effects of Oleander due to two glycosides,neriin , and an alkaloid,oleandrin which have a cardiostimulatory action and to the glycosides gentiobiosyl-oleandrin,gentiobiosyl-nerigoside and gentiobiosyl-beaumontoside extracted from the leaves.                  Its lymph is Rich of minerals,Alpha tocopherol Adyregin is a compound with no cardiac effect.  There are also weakly active cardenolides ( heterosides of uzarigenin ) and inactive cardenolides ( heteroside of adynergenine,of digitalose ), triterpenoids,a resin, tannins, glucose, a paraffin, ursolic acid , vit c and essential oil. The seeds contain glucosides ( oleandrin , odorosides , adigoside ). The bark also contains glucosides ( rosaginoside , nerioside , corteneroside ). The roots contain steroids. oleandrin adigoside

23. Uses of nerium The leaves and flowers are 1) cardiatonic 2 ) diaphoretic 3 )diuretic 4 ) antibacteriale 5) antifungal 6) exporant .       A decoction of leaves has been applied externally in the treatment of scabies and to reduce swellings   Bark is bitter and is used as 1) cathertic 2 )febrifuge   and 3 ) intermittent fever .   Oil prepared from the root bark is used in the treatment of leprosy and skin disease   Oleandrin is 1)anti-inflammatory  2 ) antitumoral 3) emollientd 4) potentialises apoptosis .          The hydro alcoholic and aqueous extract of the flowers in antinociceptic and cardiatonic . The aqueous extract of Nerium Oleander L. has been undergoing clinical investigations as an anticancerous agent .   The chief active principle oleandrin was found to stimulate the heart function also had a diuretic effect .   Nerium Oleander contains at least 2 percent cardiac glycoside.Rosagenin may be extracted from the bark and has a strychnine like action .   Several flavones (O.5 Percent) and volatile oil (unimportant amount) as well as rubber fats,sugars , and hydrocyanic acid can be isolated from it's leaves .

24. Poisonous effect of nerium The leaves and seeds provoke poisoning with - N ausea Vomiting   M ental confusion Bradycardia Ventricular hyperkalemia T hat can quickly end in death