Cartilage and Bone

Cartilage and Bone
Basic Components
Three types of cartilage

1. CARTILAGE & BONECARTILAGE & BONE
Prof. Redem C. DeligeroProf. Redem C. Deligero
Bachelor of Science in BiologyBachelor of Science in Biology
Master of Arts in Teaching Medical SubjectsMaster of Arts in Teaching Medical Subjects
Master of Science in Environmental StudiesMaster of Science in Environmental Studies

2. CARTILAGECARTILAGE

Connective tissue specialized to function Connective tissue specialized to function
as a supporting or weight-bearing tissue.as a supporting or weight-bearing tissue.

It has a firm pliable matrix that resists It has a firm pliable matrix that resists
mechanical stress.mechanical stress.

Acts as template for bone formation.Acts as template for bone formation.
Three types of cartilage:Three types of cartilage:
1. Hyaline1. Hyaline
2. Elastic2. Elastic
3. Fibrocartilage3. Fibrocartilage
* Many similarities but are differentiated by * Many similarities but are differentiated by
their matrix appearance and compositiontheir matrix appearance and composition

3. BASIC BASIC
COMPONENTSCOMPONENTS
1. PERICHONDRIUM
Vascular and supply nutrients to the
cell.
2. MATRIX
Makes up the ground substance -
Glycosaminoglycans & Proteoglycans
Elastic and Collagen Fibers
3. Cartilage Cells
Cartilage cells within small cavities
called lacunae.
Chondrogenic Cells, Chondroblast,
Chondrocyte

4. HYALINE CARTILAGE

5. HYALINE CARTILAGEHYALINE CARTILAGE
Most abundant & template for endochondral
bone formation.
Bluish-gray, semitranslucent, pliable.
Found in Nose & Larynx, Coastal Cartilage,
Cartilage of Larynx (thyroid and cricoid
cartilage), Bronchi & Articulating,
Articulating Surface of Joints.

6. HISTOGENESISHISTOGENESIS
1. INTERTITIAL GROWTH
Expansion of the cartilage matrix within
due to separation of isogenous groups of
cells.
2. APPOSITIONAL GROWTH
Due to the division of chondrogenic cells
into chondroblast by adding matrix at the
periphery.

7. ELASTIC CARTILAGE

8. ELASTIC CARTILAGEELASTIC CARTILAGE
Yellow in fresh state and opaque.
The presence of collagen fibers and elastic
fibers make it flexible.
Found in the Pinna of the Ear, Epiglottis,
Medial Part of Auditory tubes..

9. FIBROCARTILAGE

10. FIBROCARTILAGEFIBROCARTILAGE
Very tough and strong but reselient.
Has great tensile strength and conside
strength.
Found in the Pinna of the Ear, Epiglottis,
Medial Part of Auditory tubes..

11. BONEBONE
A highly vascularized living connective
tissue in which the matrix is calcified by the
deposition of calcium phosphates.
It provides shape and support for the body.
Proctects vital organ and helps
transmission of body weight.
For muscle attachment and levers for
locomotion.
Involve in erythropoiesis.

12. BONEBONE

13. MACROSCOPIC MACROSCOPIC
STRUCTURESTRUCTURE
1. MEDULLARY CAVITY
Cylindrical cavity inside the shaft filled with
bone marrow.
2. BONE MARROW
Hemopoietic organ
3. PERIOSTEUM
Connective tissue covering on the external
portion of the bone.
4. ENDOSTEUM
Lining at the medullary cavity.
Lined with monolayer of cells.
(osteoproginator cells & osteoblast.

14. OSSEOUS TISSUE

15. STRUCTURE OF BONESTRUCTURE OF BONE

16. INORGANIC COMPONENTINORGANIC COMPONENT
Mineral salts which is 65 % of its dry weight.
A substance is formed called hydroxyapatite
crystals. (40 nm x 25 nm x 1.5-3 nm)
Hydration shell is formed that permits ion
exchange with the extracellular fluid.
Decalcified - becomes flexible that can be bent
like a rubber.
Organic component removal - becomes brittle
and easily fractured.

17. ORGANIC COMPONENTORGANIC COMPONENT
35% of its dry weight
Type I collagen fibers present.
Acidic polysaccharides are present.
Glycoproteins and Proteoglycans are
also present.

18. BONE CELLSBONE CELLS
1. OSTEOPROGINATOR CELLS
Undergo mitosis and differentiates into
osteoblast.
Appears as flattened cells with slightly
staining, elongate, or ovoid nuclie.
The cytoplasm is inconspicous acidophilic or
slightly basophilic cytoplasm.
It also function for the maintenance and
nutritional support of osteocytes in the
underlying mstrix
2. OSTEOBLAST
Syntesis of organic components of matrix.
Its organelles are polarized
It form gap junction from neighboring cells.

19. BONE CELLS (Cont.)BONE CELLS (Cont.)
3. OSTEOCYTES
Mature bone cells trapped in lacunae.
20,000 - 30,000/mm
3
.
Responsible for maintenance of bone matrix.
It has a canaliculi a fine tunnel that contact
neigboring cells.
Smaller in size due to reduced perinuclear
capsule.
The nucleus is very prominent.
4. OSTEOCLAST
Originating from granulocyte-macrophage
proginators.
It is multinucleated cells responsible for
resorbing bone.

20. BONE CELLS BONE CELLS

21. HOWSHIP'S LACUNAEHOWSHIP'S LACUNAE
1. BASAL ZONE
Hold most organelles and
located farthest from houship
lacuna.
2. RUFFLED BORDER
Cell portion directly involved in
cell resorption which forms the
subosteoclastic compartment.
3. CLEAR ZONE
Immediately surrounding the
periphery of of the ruffled
border.
The presence of actin
microfilament forms the actin
ring.
Sealing Zone is present.
4. VESICULAR ZONE
It has lysosomal enzymes and
metalloproteinases.
Between the basal zone and
the ruffled border

22. GROSS CLASSIFICATION OF GROSS CLASSIFICATION OF
BONESBONES
1. LONG BONES
Has shaft between two heads
2. SHORT BONES
Same width and legth
3. FLAT BONES
Thin and Plate-like
4. IRREGULAR BONES
Irregularly shaped
5. SESAMOID BONES
Develope within tendon where increase the
mechanical advantage for muscle across joints.

23. GROSS CLASSIFICATION OF BONESGROSS CLASSIFICATION OF BONES

24. TYPES OF BONESTYPES OF BONES
1. COMPACT - The very dense bone on the
outside surface made of bony plates
arrange compactly.
2. SPONGY/CANCELLOUS - The porous
portion lining the morrow cavity. This is
irregular arragement of lamellae with
spaces called trabeculae/spicules.
3. DIPLOIC BONES - Is made up of inner and
outer tables of compact bone with interval.
The interval i s occupied by bone marrow
and diploic veins.

25. SPONGY BONESPONGY BONE

26. STRUCTURE OF ACOMPACT BONESTRUCTURE OF ACOMPACT BONE

27. HAVARSIAN SYSTEMHAVARSIAN SYSTEM
Unit of bones numerous in shaft of adult
bones.
It is cylindrical in shape with its long axis
distributed in domains and fibrils in a
particular domain.
The canaliculi within open to the havarsian
canal serves as the passage between the
bone cells and blood vessels.
Interstial Lamellae - Lamellar territories
between havarsian system.
Circumferential Lamellae.
Volkmann's Canal - A vascular canal in
adult compact bone that contain blood
vessels that join with the havarsian canal

28. HAVARSIAN SYSTEMHAVARSIAN SYSTEM

29. GROSS STRUCTURE OF BONESGROSS STRUCTURE OF BONES
1. TRABECULAE - Branching structure found in
spongy bone.
2. SPICULES - Jutting out from the internal surface
of the compact bone into the marrow cavity.
3. RED BONE MARROW - Responsible for RBC
formation.
4. YELLOW BONE MARROW - Composed of fats.
5. DIAPHYSIS - Shaft of long bones.
6. EPIPHYSES - Articular ends
7. EPIPHYSEAL PLATE - Structure that separates
diaphysis and epiphysis in growing bones.
8. METAPHYSIS - Area of transition between
epiphyseal plate and diaphysis.

30. THE PERIOSTEUMTHE PERIOSTEUM
Connective tissue sheath that covers the
diaphysis.
It is non-calcified, dense, irregular,
collagenous connective tissue.
Outer Fibrous Layer - Distributes
vascular and nerve supply to bone.
Inner Cellular Layers - Possesses
osteoproginator cells & Osteoblast
Absent in areas where:
1. Tendons and muscles insert into
bones.
2. Surfaces of bone covering
sesamoid bones

31. SHARPEY'S FIBERSHARPEY'S FIBER

32. BLOOD SUPPLY BLOOD SUPPLY
Artery supply the shaft of the long bone.
It enters into the nutrient foramina in the
diaphysis and epiphysis.
Veins drain blood by leaving through the
nutrient formina or through bone tissue of the
shaft and out in the periosteum.