Cartographic Themes in geoinformatics for fourth sem MSc .pptx

Geoinformatics

1. Cartographic Themes and Types of Maps

2. Introduction to Cartographic themes.

3. Cartography Cartography can be defined as a branch geography that studies the art, science and techniques of map and chart making. The map of an area can be prepared with the help of original ground survey. Making of charts, globes and relief model is also included in cartography. Almost all the branches of knowledge make use of some amount of cartography for the representation of data in the form of maps and charts. According to F.J. Monkhouse, Cartography is “in widest sense, the whole series of map making, from an actual survey of the ground to printing the map; in a more limited sense, the drawing of a map.”

4. Cartographic Theme The scope of cartography is very wide and extensive. Recently, several specialized branches of cartography have been emerged. These include geographical cartography, statistical cartography, digital cartography, thematic cartography and journalistic cartography Cartographic Theme is a cartographic techniques specialises in preparing maps, charts and globes on particular themes or subjects.

5. Types of Map

6. Types of Map There are two common types of maps: 1- Types of maps according to scale 2-Types of maps according to contents

7. 1 - Types of map according to scale 1- Large scale:large -scale map depicts a smaller area 1:1000–1:600,000 2- Medium scale:1:600,000 – 1:2,000,000 3-Smale scale:Small-scalemap depicts a larger area 1:2,000,000

8. 2- Types of map according to contents A - Cultural maps: Maps that represent the activities of human beings is known as human Maps or cultural maps B - Physical(natural) Maps: Physical maps- show what the land itself looks like, identifying physical features

9. A - Cultural maps. 1- social maps 2-Historical maps 3-Landutilisationmaps 4-Military maps 5-Political maps 6-Economic maps 7-Distribution maps 8-Population maps

10. Social map A socialmapis a visual representation of a social network. Social mapping has been utilized by anthropologists historically for mapping out the connections in the populations they study.

11. Historicalmaps Map that represents past events and historical facts to be remembered as historical maps.

12. Military maps Map conducting strategic locations, streets and fields show the enemy, will be remembered as military maps .

13. Political maps Political maps-show us how an area is divided into countries, states, provinces or other units

14. Economic or Resource Map Resource Map: Location of natural resources, rivers , lakes , weather, etc.

15. Distribution maps- show where something can be found Distribution Map of Rhino’s in Africa Distribution maps

16. Proportional Symbols Map The proportional symbol technique uses symbols of different sizes to represent data associated with different areas or locations within the map.

17. Dot Map A dot may be used to locate each occurrence of a phenomenon . Where appropriate dot may indicate any number of entities, for example, one dot for every 100 voters.

18. B-Physical maps 1- Soil maps 2- Vegetation maps 3- Climatic maps 4- Geological maps 5- Astronomical maps 6- Orographic or Relief maps

19. Soil map Soil map is a map i.e . a geographical representation showing diversity of soil types or soil properties in the area of interest . Soil maps are most commonly used for land evaluation , agricultural extension, environmental protection and similar projects.

20. Vegetation map A vegetation map is a type of land cover map that delineates the types of vegetation found within a given area of land. It classifies the vegetation into different categories that include, for instance, desert, forests, grasslands , and farm lands .

21. Climate map Climate maps give general information about the climate and precipitation (rain and snow) of a region. Cartographers , or mapmakers, use colours to show different climate or precipitation zones.

22. Geological map A geologic map is a special-purpose map made to show geological features. Rock units or geologic strata are shown by colour or symbols to indicate where they are exposed at the surface. Bedding planes and structural features such as faults, folds, foliations, and lineations are shown with strike and dip.

23. Astronomical map Astronomical map,any cartographic representation of the stars, galaxies, or surfaces of the planets and the Moon.

24. Relief map or Orographic map Relief map is a map that uses different colors or textures to show the height or depth of mountains, hills, valleys, etc.

25. Topographic maps Include contour lines to show the shape and elevation of an area.

26. Reference Map Show locations of places and geographic features.

27. Place Map Place Map : Shows location (road or city )

28. Road or Movement maps Movement maps - show us how to get around. Such as Road maps show major—some minor highways—and roads, airports, railroad tracks, cities and other points of interest in an area. People use road maps to plan trips and for driving directions. .

29. Aeronautical map An aeronautical map designed to assist in navigation of aircraft , water craft , or a roadmap for drivers. Using these charts and other tools, pilots are able to determine their position, safe altitude, best route to a destination, navigation aids along the way, alternative landing areas in case of an in-flight emergency, and other useful information such as radio frequencies and airspace boundaries. There are charts for all land masses on Earth, and long-distance charts for trans-oceanic travel.

30. Thematic Map A  thematic map  is a  map  that emphasizes a particular theme. Tell a story about the degree of an attribute, the pattern of its distribution , or its movement . A thematic map shows the spatial distribution of one or more specific data themes for selected geographic areas. The map may be qualitative in nature ( e.g. , predominant farm types ) or quantitative ( e.g. , percentage population change).

31. Contour Maps ( Isopleths ) Isolines - Lines on a map depicting areas of same or like values. Contour maps use isolines , or contour lines, to depict where the same elevation exists. The  contour interval  of a contour map is the difference in elevation between successive contour lines.

32. Choropleth Map Shows statistical data aggregated over predefined regions, such as counties or states , by coloring or shading these regions. For example, countries with higher rates of infant mortality might appear darker on a choropleth map.

33. GIS map A geographic information system (GIS) integrates hardware, software, and data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information. GIS allows us to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualize data in many ways that reveal relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports, and charts.