Case study about air pollutionand control.pptx

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1. Pollution: Influence of any substance causing nuisance, harmful effects, and uneasiness to the organisms Pollutant : - Any substance causing nuisance or harmful effects or uneasiness to the organisms , then that particular substance may be called as the pollutant .

2. Environmental Pollution: Unfavorable alteration of our surroundings (or) any undesirable change in physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of any component of the environment i.e. air, water, soil which can cause harmful effects on various forms of life or property

3. Types of pollutants

4. Types of Pollution AIR POLLUTION WATER POLLUTION SOIL POLLUTION MARINE POLLUTION NOISE POLLUTION THERMAL POLLUTION NUCLEAR HAZARDS

5. Constituent Symbol Average concentration Source Volume Nitrogen N 2 780900 Biotic 7.809 × 10 1 Oxygen O 2 209400 Biotic 2-094 × 10 1 Argon Ar 9300 Radioactive 9.3 × 10 -1 Carbon dioxide CO 2 318318 Biotic & industrial 3.18 × 10 -2 Neon Ne 18 Internal helium He 5.2 Radioactive 5.2 × 10 -4 Methane CH 4 1.3 Biotic 1.3 × 10 -4 Krypton Kr 1.0 Internal 1.0 × 10 -5 Hydrogen H 2 0.5 Biotic & photochemical 5.0 × 10 -5 Water H 2 O 0.25 Physical 2.5 × 10 -5 Carbon monoxide CO 0.1 Photochemical & industrial 1.0 × 10 -5 Ozone O 3 0.02 Photochemical 2.0 × 10 -6 Ammonia NH 3 0-01 Photochemical 1.0× 10 -6 Nitrogen dioxide NO 2 0.001 Biotic & industrial 1.0× 10 -7 Sulpher dioxide SO 2 0.002 Photochemical 2.0× 10 -8 Composition of Atmosphere

6. Chemical composition of atmospheric air Constituents % Nitrogen 78 Oxygen 21 Argon ( Ar ) <1 CO 2 0.037 Water vapour remaining O 3 , He, NH 3 Trace amount

7. Air pollution: The presence of one or more contaminants like dust, smoke, mist and odour in the atmosphere which are injurious to human beings, plants and animals Air pollutant: A substance in the air that can cause harm to humans and the environment is known as an air pollutant.

8. Air quality standards legal limits, placed on the concentration of air pollutants in a community Ambient air quality standards permissible exposure of all living and non living things for 24 hours per day, 7 days per week

9. Category Area Concentration in μ g/m 3 SPM SO 2 NO x CO A Industrial and mixed use 500 120 120 5,000 B Residential and rural 200 80 80 2,000 C Sensitive (Rich in Biodiversity) 100 30 30 1,000 Indian Ambient air quality standards

10. Natural Sources Volcanic eruptions Forest fires Agricultural activities Pollen grains Radioactive materials Man Made Sources

11. Pollen grains from flower due to strong wind Pollen Asthma

12. Primary Pollutant Secondary pollutant Are emitted directly from the identifiable sources. Example : CO x , NO x , SO x , SPM Primary pollutant undergo photochemical reaction to give new toxic products is called secondary pollutant. Example. HNO 3 , H 2 SO 4 , O 3

13. Primary Pollutants Secondary Pollutants Formation of secondary pollutents Factory Volcano NO 2 ,SO 3 ,HNO 3 , H 2 SO 4 ,H 2 O 2 ,O 3 , PANs,MostNO 3 -- & SO 4 -2 CO,CO 2 ,NO,Most Hydrocarbons, Most SPM Solar radiation

14. Indoor Air Pollutant Outdoor Air pollutant Is arises due to indoor environment within homes, institutions, industries . Example ; Tobacco smoke, Biological pollutant, Radon gas It alters the natural characteristic of atmosphere. Example. CO x , NO x , SO x , SPM HNO 3 , H 2 SO 4 , O 3

15. Air pollutant Major Sources Health Effect Environmental Effect SO X Colourless irritating gas Power plant (88%) Industries (10%) Respiratory and Cardiovascular Diseases Reduces visibility Acid Rain Common Air pollutant and its sources, Health effect and environmental effect

16. NO X Reddish brown irritating gas Power Plants (49%) Industries (49%) Respiratory and Cardiovascular Diseases Acid Rain Eutrophication (Decrease in Dissolved oxygen content) Air pollutant Major Sources Health Effect Environmental Effect

17. SPM (Particulate matter) Vehicles (17%) Industries (40%) Nose and throat irritation lung damage Bronchitis Asthma Reproductive problem Acid Rain Reduces visibility Air pollutant Major Sources Health Effect Environmental Effect

18. Cox ( colourless , odourless , poisoning gas) Cigarette smoking Incomplete burning of fossil fuel (77%) Head ache Irreversible brain cell damage due to Hypoxia Death Green House Effect Global warming Air pollutant Major Sources Health Effect Environmental Effect

19. Blue Body Syndrome due to Hypoxia HYPOXIA

20. The most common symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning are: dull headache weakness nausea vomiting confusion dizziness chest pain

21. If you inhale a large amount of carbon monoxide, your body will begin to replace the oxygen in your blood with carbon monoxide . When this occurs, you could become unconscious. Death can occur in these cases.

22. Air pollutant Major Sources Health Effect Environmental Effect Volatile Organic Hydrocarbon Vehicles Industrial Process Eye and skin irritation Nausea Head aches Carcinogenic chance to produce Secondary pollutant Ethylene causes plant damage

23. Down ward Position of leaves Ineffective Photo synthesis PLANT DAMAGE

24. Ozone (Highly reactive irritating gas) Secondary pollutant NO 2 NO + O O + O 2 O 3 Moderates the climatic change h γ Air pollutant Major Sources Environmental Effect

25. Lead Vehicles used leaded petrol (Poor Quality) Affect Central nervous system through Blood stream Toxic to Aquatic life through Biomagnification Air pollutant Major Sources Health Effect Environmental Effect

26. IMPACT OF AIR POLLUTANT ON LUNGS Chronic obstructive pulmonary The thickening, hardening and loss of elasticity of the walls of  arteries

27. Control Measures of Air pollution

28. Source control Industrial control Use only unleaded petrol Use petroleum and other fuel that has less sulphur and ash content Reforestation in the deforested area Industries and waste disposal sites should be outside of the city preferably downwind of the city 1. Complete combustion in the chamber by providing sufficient supply of oxygen 2.Emission rates should be restricted to permissible levels by installing the any one of the following pollution control equipment in the industries Electrostatic precipitator Bag house filter Cyclone separator Wet scrubber

29. Catalytic convertor is a vehicle emissions control device that converts toxic pollutants in exhaust gas to less toxic pollutants by catalyzing a redox reaction (oxidation or reduction). Catalytic converters are used in internal combustion engines fueled by either petrol (gasoline) or diesel —including lean burn engines . It consists of array of tubes with porous ceramic which is filled with the catalyst Platinum (Pt), Palladium( Pd ) and heated to 300 ◦ C. Unburnt HC and CO are converted into CO 2 and H 2 O

30. Electrostatic precipitator An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is a filtration device that removes fine particles, like dust and smoke, from a flowing gas using the force of an induced electrostatic charge

31. Bag house Filter A baghouse (BH, B/H) or fabric filter (FF) is an air pollution control device that removes particulates out of air or gas released from commercial processes or combustion for electricity generation

32. Cyclone separator Cyclonic separation is a method of removing particulates from an air, gas or liquid stream. Rotational effects and gravity are used to separate mixtures of solids and fluids. The method can also be used to separate fine droplets of liquid from a gaseous stream .

33. Wet Scrubbers Wet Scrubbers are effective air pollution control devices for removing particles and/or gases from industrial exhaust streams. Wet scrubbers operate by introducing the dirty gas stream with a scrubbing liquid – typically water .

34. 1 LBS = 328.9 g