CBSE Investigatory Project Of Subject Chemistry- Class 11

CBSE Investigatory Project For Class 11 Of Chemistry Subject.
Topic- To Study The Forming Capacity Of The Various Samples Of Soap.
.
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1. Chemistry
Investigatory Project
To study the foaming capacity of soaps and compare the
forming capacities of different samples of soaps.

2. Profiles
Prepared By-
Divyanshu Singh
XI A
13
Submitted To-
-

3. Certificate
This is to certify that Divyanshu
Singh of class XI–A has successfully
completed the investigatory project on the
topic “To study and compare the forming
capacities of different samples of soaps.”
under the guidance of _ during the year 2019-
2020.
This Project is absolutely genuine and does
not indulge in plagiarism of any kind.


Teacher In-charge Principal

4. Acknowledgement
In the accomplishment of this project
successfully many people have
owned upon me their blessings and heart
pledged support. By this time I feel really
fortunate to thank them all.
At first, I would like to thank God for
being with me while completing this
vast project which really matters.
I would to thank my parents who
blessed me with their moral support
and valuable suggestions.
On Second phase, I would like to present
my hearty greetings for my principle
_ and subject teacher
_ who guided me in this
journey.
I would also like to thank each and every
soul that is connected to the making of
this project
!! Thank You Everyone!!

5. Index
 Certificate of
Authenticity
 Acknowledgement
 Preface
 Introduction to Concept
 Aim of the Experiment
 Theory of Experiment
 Apparatus and Materials
Required
 Procedure
 Observations
 Bibliography

6. Introduction
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of
higher fatty acids. The higher fatty acids may be
such as stearic acid (C
17H
35COOH), palmitic acid
(C
15H
31COOH). A soap molecule has a lipophilic(oil
soluble) part and a hydrophilic (water soluble) part.
Soaps are used for washing purposes. When soap is
shaken with water, it produces foam which is
responsible for removal of dirt. A soap which
produces more foam is more effective in cleaning.
The cleansing action of soap can be explained
keeping in mind that a soap molecule contains a non-
polar lipophilic group and a polar hydrophilic group.
When soap is applied, the non-polar alkyl group
dissolves in oil droplets while the polar -COO
-
Na
+

group remains dissolved in water.

7. In this way, each oil droplet is surrounded by
negative charge.
These negatively charged oil droplets cannot coalesce
and a stable emulsion is formed. These oil droplets
containing dirt particles can be washed away with
water.
Washing or cleansing capacity of a soap decreases in
hard water. Hard water contains Ca
2+
and Mg
2+
ions
which interact with soap to form curdy ppt. of calcium
and Magnesium salts of higher fatty acids.
2C
17H
35COONa + Ca
2+
(C
17H
35COO)
2Ca + 2Na
+

2C
17H
35COONa + Mg
2+
(C
17H
35COO)
2 Mg + 2Na
+

The hardness of water can be removed by adding
washing soda (Na
2CO
3) whereby Ca
2+
and Mg
2+
ions
gets precipitated as their carbonates.

Ca
2+
+ Na
2CO
3 CaCO
3 + 2Na
+

Mg
2+
+ Na
2CO
3 MgCO
3 + 2Na
+


This project aims at comparing the foaming capacity
of various samples of soaps of different brands

8. Experiment
Aim-
To compare the forming
capacity of various samples
of soaps.

9. Theory
The foaming capacity of soap depends upon
the nature of the soap and its concentration.
This may be compared by shaking equal
volumes of solutions of solutions of different
samples having the same concentration with
same force for the same amount of time. The
solutions are then allowed to stand when the
foam produced during shaking disappear in
each sample is determined. The longer the time
taken for disappearance of the foam for the
given sample of soap, greater is its foaming
capacity or cleaning action.

10. Apparatus And Materials Required
 Five 100 ml conical flasks,
 Five test tubes,
 100ml measuring cylinder,
 Test Tubes stand
 Weighing machine
 Stop Watch
 Five Different soap samples
 Distilled water
 Tap water

11. Procedure
 Take five 100ml conical flasks and the no.
them from 1 to 5. Put 20ml of water in
each flasks and add 10grams of soap.

 Warm the contents of test tube to get a
solution.

 Take five test tubes, add 1ml of soap
solution to 3ml of water .
[Repeat this process for each soap solution in different test
tubes.]
 Close the mouth of the test tubes; shake
it vigorously for a minute. Do the same
for all test tubes with equal force.

 Start the timer immediately and
notice the rate of disappearance

12. Observations

Test Tube
No.
Brand name of the soap
Time taken for disappearance of
foam
1. Dove 11.42 min
2. Lux 3.28 min
3. Tetmosol 5.10 min
4. Santoor 15.31 min
5. Cinthol 9.40 min

Result
The Cleansing capacity of the soaps taken in order:
Santoor > Dove > Cinthol > Tetmosol > Lux
From the above experiment, we can infer that Santoor
has the highest forming capacity, in other words,
highest cleaning capacity. Whereas, Lux has the
least time period for disappearance of froth
proves it least cleaning capacity.

13. Bibliography
 www.scribd.com/foaming capacity
of soaps.
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.slideshare.in/sample projects
 Comprehensive Chemistry Class 11
 Introduction to Soap Cleaning
Action- pdf file from Google search
 www.icbse.com

14. Preface
Soap is an anionic surfactant used in
conjunction with water for washing
and cleaning, which historically comes
either in solid bars or in form of
viscous liquid. Soap consists of K and
Na of fatty acids and is obtained by
reacting common oils or fats with
strong alkaline in a process known as
saponification.
The general formula of soap is
Fatty end -CH3-(CH2)n
water soluble end -COONa