CCF detailed information presentation .pptx

CCF detailed information presentation

1. CONGESTIVE CARDIAC FAILURE

2. Definition Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a clinical syndrome in which the heart is unable to pump enough blood to the body to meet its needs, to dispose of systemic or pulmonary venous return adequately, or a combination of the two.

3. Age of Onset Cause At birth HLHS Volume overload lesions: Severe tricuspid or pulmonary insufficiency Large systemic arteriovenous fistula First week TGA PDA in small premature infants HLHS TAPVR Critical AS or PS 1–4 wk COA with associated anomalies Critical AS Large left-to-right shunt lesions (VSD,PDA) in premature 4–6 wk Some left-to-right shunt lesions such as ECD 6 wk–4 mo Large VSD PDA

4. Miscellaneous Causes Metabolic abnormalities Endocrinopathy such as hyperthyroidism Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) causes CHF in early infancy Complete heart block associated with structural heart defects Bronchopulmonary dysplasia Severe anemia

5. Acquired Heart Disease Dilated cardiomyopathy Myocarditis associated with Kawasaki’s disease Patients who received surgery for some types of CHDs Viral myocarditis Acute rheumatic carditis Rheumatic valvular heart diseases ,

6. Pathophysiology Cardiac output is determined by preload, afterload , myocardial contractility, and heart rate Increase in preload Increase in after load Decrease contractility Increase HR

7. Compensatory Mechanisms Activation of 1. Sympathetic nervous system increase in sympathetic tone secondary to increased adrenal secretion of circulating epinephrine. increased neural release of norepinephrine . 2. Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system Angiotensin II may cause a trophic response in vascular smooth muscle (with vasoconstriction) and myocardial hypertrophy, attempting to restore wallstress to normal

8. Symptoms Poor weight gain Feeding difficulties Fast breathing Cough and wheezing Irritability Excessive sweating Puffiness of face Pedal edema

9. Signs Right side failure Left side failure Facial edema Hepatomegaly Jugular venous enlargement Edema of feet Tachypnea Tachycardia Cough Wheezing Crepts in chest

10. INVESTIGATIONS CXR ECG 2D ECHO CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION- Biopsy to diagnose inflammatory disease, infections, metabolic disorder

11. Treatment Elimination of the underlying causes. Treatment of the precipitating or contributing causes (e.g., infection, anemia , arrhythmias, fever) Control of heart failure state.

12. GENERAL MEASURES Restrict activity Propped up position Humidified Oxygen Sedation Diet

13. Treatment of Underlying Causes 1 . When surgically feasible, surgical correction of underlying CHDs and valvular heart disease is the best approach for complete cure. 2. If hypertension is the underlying cause of CHF, antihypertensive treatment should be given. 3. If arrhythmias or advanced heart block is the cause of or contributing factor to heartfailure , antiarrhythmic agents or cardiac pacemaker therapy is indicated.

14. 4. If hyperthyroidism is the cause of heart failure, this condition should be treated. 5. Fever should be controlled with antipyretics. 6. When there is a concomitant infection , it should be treated with appropriate antibiotics. 7. For anemia , a packed cell transfusion is given to raise the hematocrit to 35% or higher.

15. Drug Therapy Inotropic agents Diuretics Afterload -reducing agents

16. DIURETICS Diuretics remain the principal therapeutic agent to control pulmonary and systemic venous congestion. Diuretics reduce preload and improves congestive symptoms, but do not improve cardiac output or myocardial contractility Loop diuretics commonly used Aldosterone antagonists- used in conjunction with a loop diuretic

17. Side effects of diuretic therapy. Hypokalemia Hypochloremic alkalosis may result because the loss of chloride ions is greater than the loss of sodium ions through the kidneys

18. Rapidly Acting Inotropic Agents In critically ill infants with CHF, in those with renal dysfunction (e.g., infants with coarctation of the aorta), or in postoperative cardiac patients with heart failure, rapidly acting catecholamines with a short duration of action are preferable to digoxin dopamine, dobutamine epinephrine

19. Digoxin Increases CO Diuretic effect Parasympathetic action- slows HR & inhibits AV conduction The pediatric dosage of digoxin is much larger than the adult dosage- larger volume of distribution

20. AGE DIGITALIZING DOSE MAINTAINANCE PREMATURE 20 5 NEWBORN 30 8 < 2 YRS 40-50 10-12 > 2 YRS 30-40 8-10 How to digitalize? Loading doses of the total digitalizing doses are given over 12 to 18 hours followed by maintenance

21. Step-by-step method of digitalization : 1. Obtain a baseline ECG and baseline levels of serum electrolytes. 2. Calculate the total digitalizing dose 3. Give half the total digitalizing dose immediately followed by one fourth and then the final fourth of the total digitalizing dose at 6- to 8-hour intervals. 4. Start the maintenance dose 12 hours after the final total digitalizing dose. Obtaining an ECG before starting the maintenance dose is advised

22. Afterload -Reducing Agents Arteriolar vasodilators - hydralazine Venodilators - nitroglycerin , isosorbide dinitrate Mixed vasodilators include ACE inhibitors captopril , enalapril , nitroprusside , and prazosin

23. CARNITINE Carnitine , which is an essential cofactor for transport of long-chain fatty acid into mitochondria for oxidation, has been shown to be beneficial in some cases of cardiomyopathy Most of these patients had dilated cardiomyopathy DOSE- 50 to 100 mg/kg/day, given twice a day or three times a day orally (maximum daily dose, 3 g). It improved myocardial function, reduced cardiomegaly , and improved muscle weakness .

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