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1. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS Part A

2. Foundations function and purpose of foundation, classification, construction procedure, application of shallow and deep-foundations, causes of failures of foundations and remedial measures. Brick masonry, different types of brick bonding and their construction procedure, damp proofing, causes and effects of dampness, methods of damp proofing, DPC treatment in buildings. Load bearing walls: types and design considerations; cavity walls - general features and construction of cavity walls; brick, concrete, glass, metal lath and timber partition walls, their use and construction techniques. Classification of doors and windows, fixtures and fastening for doors and windows, technical terms. Provision of joints in structure, construction technique of expansion joints, isolation joints, sliding joints, contraction joints, construction joints.

3. center of gravity the average location of the weight of an object

4. Lecture 1 Foundation

5. Superstructure Substructure Foundation Components of a building

6. Foundation Foundation soil Footing

7. Foundation Function of a foundation is to transfer the structural loads from a building safely into the ground.

8. Foundation soil or sub soil The soil which is located immediately below the base of foundation.

9. Footing The portion of the foundation which is direct contact with sub soil .

10. Design Loads Dead Loads 2. Live Loads 3. Wind Loads 4. Snow loads Earthquake loads Wind overturning forces

11. Function of Foundation Reduction of load intensity Even distribution of load Provision of level surface Lateral stability Protection against soil movement

12. Shallow Foundations When the foundation is placed immediately the lower part of the super structure, it is termed as shallow foundation. Distribute the structural load over a wide horizontal area at shallow depth below the ground level.

13. Types of Foundation Shallow Foundations Deep Foundations

14. Types of Shallow Foundations Spread Footings Combined Footings Strap Footings Mat foundation

15. Spread Footings This footings spread load over a large area. Spread footings support either a wall or a column. This foundation acts as a base for a building's foundation.

16. Spread Footings Types of spread foundation Single footing for column Stepped footing for column Sloped footing for column Wall footing without step Stepped footing for wall Grillage foundation Inverted arch footing

17. Combined Footings A spread footing which supports two or more columns is termed as combined footing

18. Strap Footings When independent two column are connected with a beam its called strap footing

19. Mat/ Raft Foundation When soil condition is very low but heavy structural needed then providing mat or raft foundation

20. Suggested references Kumar, Sushil: Building Construction Singh, Gurucharan: Building Construction Punmia, , B.C : Building Construction (10 th Edition)

21. Deep Foundation Next class Thank you