CDI4- TRAFFIC.pptx......................

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1. TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

2. LAND TRANSPORTATION OFFICE MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR NO. 2019-2176: RULES AND REGULATIONS ON ACCREDITATION, SUPERVISION AND CONTROL OF DRIVING INSTITUTIONS, AND ON STANDARDIZATION OF DRIVER EDUCATION

3. TANONG: KUKUHA AKO NG LISENSYA, ANO ANO ANG KAILANGAN KONG MALAMAN SA KASALUKUYANG PATAKARAN? STUDENT PERMIT O STUDENT LICENSE Lahat ay kailangan kumuha muna nito bago makakuha ng Non-Professional o Professional License ✅Magkakaron na ito ng 15 hours Seminar na tinatawag na "THEORETICAL DRIVING COURSE" na hahatiin sa 3 session, sa makatuwid magkakaron ng tatlong(3) tigli-limang oras na seminar. Q: Tungkol saan ang Seminar na ito? A: Ito ay tungkol sa mga mahahalagang paksa sa pagmamaneho, kalsada at mga batas. Q: Saan gagawin ang Seminar na ito? A: Maaari mo itong gawin sa LTO mismo o sa mga LTO Accredited Driving Schools Q: Paano pag natapos ko na ang Theoretical Driving Course na ito? A: Makakatanggap ka ng Certificate of Driving Course Completion na isa sa mga requirements para makakuha ng STUDENT LICENSE.

4. Q: Paano pag natapos ko na ang Theoretical Driving Course na ito? A: Makakatanggap ka ng Certificate of Driving Course Completion na isa sa mga requirements para makakuha ng STUDENT LICENSE. Q: Anu-ano na ba ang mga requirements sa pagkuha ng Student Driver's License? Driver's License Application Form Authentic Birth Certificate Medical Certificate Certificate of Driving Course Completion

5. NON-PROFESSIONAL DRIVING LICENSE Q: Kailan ako pwedeng kumuha ng Non-pro License? A: Dapat ay Holder ka na ng Student License ng tatlumpong(30) araw o higit pa. ⚠️Magkakaron ito ng walong(8) oras na PRACTICAL DRIVING LESSON. Q: Anong kaibahan ng Practical Driving Lesson sa naunang Theoretical Driving Course na ginawa ko sa Student License? A: Ang Practical Driving Lesson ay aktuwal na pagmamaneho na talagang iba sa Theoretical Driving Course na nakikinig ka lang sa mga paksa. Q: Saan gagawin ang Lesson na ito? A: Sa LTO o sa kahit anung LTO Accredited Driving Schools at pwede rin sa mga TESDA Certified Driving Schools

6. PROFESSIONAL DRIVER'S LICENSE Q: Sino ba ang nangangailangan ng ganitong uri ng lisensya? A: Sila ung mga indibidwal na ang pagmamaneho ang kanilang propesyon o kinabubuhay. ⚠️Halimbawa: Drayber ng Tricycle, Jeep, Taxi, Bus, Delivery(Grab, Lalamove, Jolibee-Mcdo Rider) etc. Q: Kailan ako pwedeng kumuha ng Professional Driver's License? A: Dapat ay Holder ka na ng Non-Pro DL ng di bababa sa isang(1) taon. Hindi na maaari ang Student tapos Professional na agad. ⚠️Magkakaron ito ng Walong(8) oras na Hands-On Driving Lesson. Q: Saan gagawin ang Lesson na ito? A: Sa LTO o sa kahit anung LTO Accredited Driving Schools at pwede rin sa mga TESDA Certified Driving Schools

7. Q: Paano pag natapos ko na ang Practical Driving Lesson na ito? A: Makakatanggap ka ng Certificate of Driving Course Completion na isa sa mga requirements para makakuha ng Professional Driver's License. Q: Anu-ano na ba ang mga requirements sa pagkuha ng Professional Driver's License? ✔️Driver's License Application Form ✔️Medical Certificate ✔️NBI Clearance ✔️Police Clearance ✔️Non-Professional Driver's License (1yr) ✔️Certificate of Driving Course Completion Q: Yan na ba ang lahat ng kailangan? A: Hindi pa.. Kailangan mo pa maipasa ang 60 items na exam (dapat makakuha ka ng 45 tamang sagot) at ang Practical Driving Test. Q: Validity? A: Limang (5) Taon

8. RENEWAL OF DRIVER'S LICENSE Magkakaron na ito ng Seminar na tinatawag na DRIVING ENHANCEMENT PROGRAM. Ito ay tungkol sa mga bagong traffic rules and regulations. Q: Gaano katagal ang Seminar na ito? ✔️Para sa mga may mga Tatlong(3) Taon padin na Validity ng lisensya ay Walong(8) Oras. ✔️Para sa may mga nagawang limang(5) light violations(demerits) ay Apat(4) na oras at ✔️sa may mas higit pang bilang ng violations ay mas mahabang oras ang gagawing Seminar. ⚠️Ngunit kung ikaw ay nakagawa ng Apatnapung(40) violations sa loob ng validity ng lisensya mo, ITO AY MAREREVOKED na.. HINDI KA NA BIBIGYAN MULI NG LTO NG LISENSYA. ⚠️Pero kung ikaw naman ay walang nagawang violations sa loob ng validity ng liisensya mo imbes na Limang(5) taon ay gagawing SAMPUNG(10) TAON ang VALIDITY NG LISENSYA MO (Reward System ng LTO para sa mga obedient drivers.. Sana Totoo)

9. Q: Paano pag na-Renew ko na ang lisensya ko paano ung mga violations na nagawa ko? A: Back to zero lahat ng demerits mo. Q: Expired na lisensya ko, pwede ba ko mag Renew? A: Oo pwede pero may babayarang penalty ⚠️Pero pag umabot na ng dalawang(2) taon expired at di naRenew mag-eExam ka ulit. ⚠️Kapag naman Sampung(10) taon ng expired ay babalik ka na ulit sa STUDENT LICENSE Q: Pwede ba ko mag Renew ng mas maaga? A: Oo Animnapung(60) araw bago maExpired pwede ka na magRenew.

10. REPUBLIC ACT No. 10930 AN ACT RATIONALIZING AND STRENGTHENING THE POLICY REGARDING DRIVER'S LICENSE BY EXTENDING THE VALIDITY PERIOD OF DRIVERS' LICENSES, AND PENALIZING ACTS IN VIOLATION OF ITS ISSUANCE AND APPLICATION AMENDING FOR THOSE PURPOSES SECTION 23 OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 4136, AS AMENDED BY BATAS PAMBANSA BLG. 398 AND EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 1011, OTHERWISE KNOWN AS THE LAND TRANSPORTATION AND TRAFFIC CODE

11. Republic Act (RA) 10930 that extended the validity of driver’s licenses from 5 years to 10 years for those with no traffic violations. Motorists will soon be issued a driver's license that's valid for 10 years. The Land Transportation Office (LTO) on Wednesday said it will start rolling out the extended validity beginning Thursday, Oct. 28, 2021 The rollout will initially be limited to its central office and its licensing center in Quezon City. Other Metro Manila areas will be covered next week, and the rest of the country in the following days.

12. However, the LTO said only drivers with zero violations on file are entitled to a license good for ten years. Those who have breached traffic laws may only avail of a five-year renewal. The agency also noted that motorists seeking to renew their licenses must first pass a comprehensive driver's education (CDE) program before submitting an application. This is for those who want to renew their license, whether it be professional or non-professional. The law requires them to go through a refresher seminar.

13. To give drivers more time to comply with the CDE requirement, the agency said it is extending the validity of existing licenses by two months from the date of expiration. those who are due for renewal not to go to the LTO until they have the certificate to prove they have finished the seminar. The LTO said the CDE is being offered for free at all of its offices, as well as on its website and platforms, such as Facebook page and YouTube channel. Meanwhile, the accompanying exam may be taken through the Land Transportation Management System portal, or at driver's education centers in select LTO offices.

14. The agency added that the course and the exam may also be taken at accredited driving schools where a fee will be charged. Should a person fail to pass, they can retake the seminar as many times as needed Demerit points are part of the new point system introduced by the Land Transportation Office (LTO) through the implementing rules and regulations of Republic Act No. 10930. Categories of Violation Demerits Points GFG Grave Violations 5 Less Grave Violations 3 All other violations not otherwise enumerated as grave or less grave shall considered as light 1

15. As shown in the table above, grave violations will earn the highest number of demerit points because they pose the biggest threat to the safety of the driver, passengers, or the general public, and may cause substantial damage to properties. Traffic violations under this category include driving while under the influence of alcohol and/or drugs; failure to wear seat belt/s; smoke-belching; driving against traffic; driving without a valid driver’s license; and overtaking (upon a curve, at an intersection, at no-overtaking zone, etc.). Meanwhile, less grave violations also endanger people and properties but not as serious of a threat as the grave violations. Included in this classification are failure to dim headlights when approaching another motor vehicle

16. failure to yield the right to a way to a pedestrian crossing a highway; and failure to stop motor and notch handbrake or motor vehicle when unattended. Lastly, light violations are equivalent to only 1 demerit point because they’re just considered minor violations of traffic rules, regulations, laws, and ordinances. Examples are unsafe towing, overcharging/undercharging of fare, and failure to display a “No Smoking” sign inside a passenger vehicle.

17. Take note that drivers of public utility vehicles (PUVs) will accumulate double demerit points (meaning 2X the regular demerit point) when caught violating a traffic rule while operating a “For Hire” motor vehicle. Double demerit points will also be charged to drivers of a private motor vehicle operating as a PUV but not authorized by the Land Transportation and Franchising Regulatory Boards (LTFRB). For a complete list of traffic violations and their corresponding demerit points, view the implementing rules and regulations of R.A. 10930.

18. Who can and cannot confiscate your driver’s license? The Land Transportation Office (LTO) is a government agency responsible for all land transportations in the country. It issues driver’s licenses: student permit, non-professional, or professional. Because the LTO is the only agency that gives a driver’s license, it is also the only agency that can confiscate it. Now who are these officials who can confiscate your license when you’re caught violating road rules? Republic Act 4136 states that only officials who are deputized by the LTO are allowed to.

19. Officials have mission orders which consist of their area of responsibility, time of duty, official function, and an indication of whether they’re authorized to issue tickets or confiscate licenses. On one hand, only deputized officials have Temporary Operator’s Permit (TOP) which is used as a receipt that a driver’s license was confiscated. On the other hand, Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) officials cannot confiscate licenses if they only have a traffic citation ticket.

20. An MMDA officer can ask for your license if you violated a road rule, but they cannot confiscate it especially if they’re not deputized by the LTO . The Land Transportation and Traffic Code indicates the list of violations any driver may commit while driving. If you’re being apprehended of violating a traffic law, it is important for you to know which of these traffic codes you are actually violating.These include violations concerning licensing, violations concerning registration, violations concerning number plates and stickers, violations relative to equipment parts, accessories, devices and marking of a motor vehicle, and violations concerning weights and load limits. Having a driver’s license is a privilege and not a constitutional right.

21. TRAFFIC LIGHTS GO READY STOP

22. TRANSPORTATION Is the movement or conveying of persons and goods from one location to another.

23. MAN POWER TRANSPORTATION The first form of transport was walking! Before humans learnt how to domesticate animals like horses and donkeys, people's only mode of travel was to walk. Travelling by foot.

24. MAN POWER TRANSPORTATION The first form of transport was walking! Before humans learnt how to domesticate animals like horses and donkeys, people's only mode of travel was to walk. Travelling by foot.

25. MAN POWER TRANSPORTATION BALANCE POLE Chinese are believed to be the origin of the balance pole. Carrying things bothe ends of the pole.

26. MAN POWER TRANSPORTATION TUMPLINE & BACKPACK It is utilize to carry loads on the back with strap passing over the chest. It is very common in montainous areas .

27. MAN POWER TRANSPORTATION LOG ROLLERS

28. MAN POWER OF TRANSPORTATION VARIOUS TYPES OF SLEDGE ROLLERS

29. MAN POWER TRANSPORTATION SLEDGE RUNNERS TRANVOIS

30. Animal Power The domestication of animals greatly increased the potential power available for transportations Dog – The first animal domesticated, is too slight to carry heavy loads Elephant – The Carthaginians used African elephant in their war against Rome but in recent centuries, these animals have not been tamed.

31. ANIMAL POWER TRANSPORTATION Ox - f irst domesticated in Mesopotamia. Used as draft animals to draw war chariots. In some parts of Africa they are used as pack animasl and for riding.

32. ANIMAL POWER TRANSPORTATION REINDEER & HUSKIES

33. ANIMAL POWER TRANSPORTATION REINDEER & HUSKIES Reindeer - first domesticated in Siberia in the beginning of Christian era. Ridden with saddles and they drew sledges somewhat like the dog sledges of the Far North. Dog – the first animal domesticated too slight to carry heavy loads. In Europe, the dogs are used to draw small carts.

34. ANIMAL POWER TRANSPORTATION DONKEY First domesticated in the Middle East. Today, it is still the chief beast burden among the farmer of the Near East, Mediterinean Area and Mexico, where it was introduced from Spain.

35. ANIMAL POWER TRANSPORTATION Llama Used in high Andes as pack animals by the Incas and their Spanish conquerors.

36. ANIMAL POWER TRANSPORTATION HORSE Horses used as a single riding vehicle or a single riding animal with a saddle.

37. ANIMAL POWER TRANSPORTATION CAMEL They were used to draw carts. Domesticated in the Arabian Peninsula in the early first millennium BC.

38. ANIMAL POWER TRANSPORTATION YAK A long haired-type of cattle and used as a pack animal. Used as a saddled riding animal.

39. WIND (AIR) POWER TRANSPORTATION DA VINCI’S ORNITHOPTER A flying machine was an aircraft that would fly by flapping its wings, a design he created to show how humans could fly. Invented by Leonardo Da Vinci . Ancient Chinese Kite – kites have been flown as a popular past time in the Far East since the beginning of the history.

40. WIND (AIR) POWER TRANSPORTATION MONTGOLFIER BALLOON A hot air balloon is a lighter-than-air aircraft consisting of a bag, called an envelope, which contains heated air. Invented by Joseph-Michel Montgolfier and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier.

41. WIND (AIR) POWER TRANSPORTATION SIEMEN’S ROCKET PLANE Ernst Werner Von Siemens designed a rocket plane that was propelled by an explosive force of gunpowder.

42. WIND (AIR) POWER TRANSPORTATION SANTOS DUMONT’S AIRSHIP Alberto Santos Dumont is one of the pioneers of lighter-than-aircraft. Experimented with the steam power balloons in Paris.

43. WIND (AIR) POWER TRANSPORTATION ORVILLE AND WILBUR Orville and Wilbur Wright build biplane kite over 200 different wings types which they tested in a wind tunnel of their own invention, which they conducted their first-man carrying powered machine.

44. WATER TRANSPORTATION

45. WATER TRANSPORTATION

46. OLD Mode of Transportation in the Philippines BALANGAY A lso spelled barangay, is a type of lashed-lug boat built by joining planks edge-to-edge using pins, dowels, and fiber lashings. They are found throughout the Philippines and were used largely as trading ships up until the colonial era.

47. OLD Mode of Transportation in the Philippines KALESA A kalesa or calesa is a two-wheeled horse-drawn carriage used in the Philippines. It is commonly vividly painted and decorated. It was a primary mode of public and private transportation during the Spanish colonial era of the Philippines, though in modern times, they largely only survive as tourist attractions.

48. OLD Mode of Transportation in the Philippines CARABAO The Kalabaw is often used to pull a type of wooden sled. This is often used to carry goods such as sacks of rice or baskets of vegetables, but can also be used as a kind of transportation since there is a makeshift seat in the sled.

49. OLD Mode of Transportation in the Philippines TRANVIA The tranvía was a streetcar system that served Manila and its surrounding cities during the early years of the 20th century.

50. Common Mode of Transportation in the Philippines Jeepneys and Multicabs The colorful, iconic jeepney is the hallmark of Philippine transportation. T he multicab is a smaller version of the standard jeepney, but has the same function

51. Common Mode of Transportation in the Philippines Buses It’s the main mode of transport for land trips that last an hour to several hours, or overnight.

52. Common Mode of Transportation in the Philippines Taxis Taxis normally roam around the city streets, picking up or unloading passengers within the city limits.

53. Common Mode of Transportation in the Philippines MRT/LRT All three railway systems in the country operate around Metro Manila: the Manila Light Rail Transit System (LRT 1 & 2), Manila Metro Rail Transit System (MRT), and the Philippine National Railways (PNR).

54. Common Mode of Transportation in the Philippines Vans for hire or V-Hires In provincial areas not served or partially served by bus liners, you can ride vans for hire for a fixed rate.

55. Common Mode of Transportation in the Philippines Tricycles Tricycles and motorelas are as colorful as passenger jeepneys. They serve very limited routes and are often restricted from servicing busy cities.

56. Common Mode of Transportation in the Philippines Habal-habal The roads leading to the hinterlands and mountain barangays in the Philippines are very steep or aren’t paved at all. Generally, the only means of transportation to these areas are motorcycle taxis or habal-habal

57. Common Mode of Transportation in the Philippines Pedicabs or Trisikads Pedicabs or trisikads are non-motorized versions of the tricycle or motorela . The driver pedals the bicycle fitted with a sidecar to bring or fetch passengers within a small area. Because they don’t produce noise, they’re preferred transport options around upscale residential areas.

58. Common Mode of Transportation in the Philippines Ferry Boats (Ro-Ro)/Pump boats Philippine inter-island travels are best done via ferry boats or roll-in-roll-out ships for major islands, and pump boats or bancas for smaller islands and private island hopping trips. For short-distance inter-island travels, there’s an option to ride smaller yet faster hovercrafts. Bancas are usually small fishing vessels with wooden panels and bamboo riggers.

59. FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT Management – It refers to the skillful use of means to accomplish a purpose. Operation – Pertains to a course or series of acts to effect a certain purpose; manner of action or a vital or natural process of activity Roadway – Refers to that part of the traffic way over which motor vehicles pass Shoulder – It refers to either side of the road way, especially along highway

60. FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT Traffic – It refers to the movement of persons, goods, or vehicles either powered by combustion system or animal drawn, from one place to another for the purpose of travel. Traffic Way – Refers to the entire width between boundary lines of every way or place of which any part is open to the use of the public for the purposes of vehicular traffic as a matter of right or custom

61. WHY TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT IS NECESSARY? With the advent of science and technology, new and modernized traffic facilities are introduced. However, despite of this modernizations, traffic congestions persist to exist. The only way to at least cope up with prevailing traffic related problems is a coordinated traffic management. Traffic management is therefore designed to make the traffic way safer for travelers, expedites the movement of traffic, and to provide convenience to the traffic facilities users.

62. Major Causes of Traffic Congestion Physical Inadequacy – This is characterized by lack of roads, narrow bridges, railroad crossings, lack of traffic facilities. Poor Control Measures – This is characterized by ineffective mechanical control devices, inefficient traffic officers, and poor implementation of traffic laws, rules and regulations.

63. Major Causes of Traffic Congestion 3. Human Errors – Many traffic congestion are caused by slow drivers or driving habits, pedestrian mistakes, officers errors, poor planning, poor legislation. 4. Poor Maintenance – Oftentimes motor vehicles are stalled in traffic ways because of unrepaired diggings, cracks on road pavement or unfinished road pavement concreting.

64. Scopes of Traffic Management All public surface facilities traversing and parking and all types of conveyances for the movement of persons and things. All agencies having responsibilities for ascertaining traffic flow requirements, planning, approving, funding, construction and/or maintaining these public facilities for such movements All agencies responsible for licensing, approving, restricting, stopping, prohibiting or controlling the use of these facilities.

65. Agencies Involved in Traffic Management Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC). The DOTC through the Land Transportation Office ( LTO ) is responsible the implementation of the Land Transportation Code of the Philippines ( R.A. 4136 ) particularly on the issuance of drivers, licenses, registration of motor vehicles, approval of franchises for public conveyances (through the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board ( LTFRB ) and conducting traffic safety seminars.

66. Agencies Involved in Traffic Management City or Municipal Engineers Office – In the local level, these offices are responsible for the planning , construction and maintenance of traffic facilities within their respective locality Department of Public Works and Highways – This is the main executive department which is responsible for the planning, construction and maintenance of traffic facilities particularly those categorized as national highways and other major roads arteries

67. Agencies Involved in Traffic Management Legislative – ( Congress/City or Municipal Boards). The legislative bodies are not only responsible for the passing or amendment of laws concerning traffic but also they are involved in the planning and approval of government projects. Philippine National Police – The PNP through its Traffic Management Group ( PNP TMG ) is responsible primarily for the direct enforcement of Traffic Laws, rules and regulations.

68. Agencies Involved in Traffic Management Academic Institution – School, both public and private, are responsible for the basic traffic education by integrating in their respective programs and curriculum subjects or topics on traffic safety Courts – The court are responsible for the adjudication of traffic related cases filed before them Public Information Officers – The government through the Philippine Information Agency, provides the necessary updated information to the public by creating traffic safety campaigns and other activities relating to traffic.

69. Agencies Involved in Traffic Management Citizen Support Groups – The private institutions or organizations also help in the prevention of traffic congestion by assisting government offices in various activities particularly during special occasions and holidays where traffic problem is likely to happen. Media – Government and privately owned publications and radio and television broadcasting companies provide necessary and updated traffic-related information to the public through their respective programs.

70. THE PILLARS OF TRAFFIC Traffic Engineering – It is the science of measuring traffic and travel the study of the basic laws relative to the traffic law and generation .

71. A. FUNCTIONS OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING Fact finding surveys and recommendations of the traffic rules and regulations; Supervisions and maintenance to the application of traffic control devices; Planning of traffic regulations

72. B. Agencies and/or offices under Traffic Engineering DPWH its scope is national which includes the responsibility for determining traffic law, pattern, draw origin, and destination, studies of persons and things, planning, approving, funding and construction. Provincial Government – these local government units have similar responsibilities with the DPWH but limited to traffic facilities in the municipalities within the province.

73. Agencies and/or offices under Traffic Engineering Municipal Government – Their responsibilities are similar to the provincial government but limited to the network of streets and roads within the barangays. Chartered Cities – Their responsibilities are similar to that of the municipal government but limited to the network of streets and roads within the cities.

74. C. Objectives of Traffic Engineering To achieve efficient free and rapid flow of traffic To prevent traffic accident To simplify police enforcement actions and performance, To show that good police actions and performance makes engineering plans effective, To present the close relationship of the pillars of traffic in the improvement of traffic problems

75. D. When and where the objectives of Traffic Engineering are applied? Habitually congested commercial areas, Heavily traveled thoroughfares, Congested local areas and intersections During special occasions and events, During disasters or emergencies, At school crossings

76. 2. Traffic Education It is the process of giving training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety knowledge

77. The following are the Agencies and offices responsible for Traffic Education School – Imparting knowledge concerning traffic safety. Elementary Secondary Higher Education

78. The following are the Agencies and offices responsible for Traffic Education Public Information Programs – The public should be informed on all activities affecting the citizens and the community relating to traffic ( dissemination of information ). Citizen Support Group- These are mostly composed by voluntary non-government organization ( NGO), radio communication groups, rotary organizations, and other voluntary clubs.

79. 3. TRAFFIC ENFORCEMENT This field deals mostly on the implementation and enforcement of traffic laws and rules and regulation

80. The following are various agencies/offices that are involved in enforcement of traffic laws; Land Transportation Office (LTO) – This office is responsible for the following: Vehicle registration Vehicle inspections Drivers licensing ( examination, suspensions, and revocation Public to police on stolen or wanted vehicles.

81. The following are various agencies/offices that are involved in enforcement of traffic laws; Legislative Bodies – included are the Senate, Congress, Provincial Boards, and City and Municipal Council Police traffic enforcement – This pillar is not limited to PNP –TMG but it includes all government personnel who are duly authorized for the direct enforcement of traffic Laws

82. 4. Traffic Ecology or Traffic Environment This pillar is very recent which includes the study of potentially disastrous population explosion, changes in urban environment due to the scale and density of new urban concentration and new activities carried out, air pollution, water pollution and crowding, especially transport congestion which result therein

83. A. What are the environmental effects of the urbanization transportation? Noise – The ill effect of noise is one of the major considerations in the evaluation of the consequences of traffic urbanization to the environment Vibration – Effect can be severe, particularly when there are heavy trucks and when the building is old. Air pollution – It is one of the more difficult problems because of the complexity of the issues involved.

84. A. What are the environmental effects of the urbanization transportation? Dirt – These are foul and filthy substances related to motor vehicle use such as empty can oils, grease materials. Visual Intrusion – This can have positive as well as negative effects. Loss of Privacy – From drivers and others being able to look at one’s house and garden frequently disliked environment effect. Changes in Amount of Light – It is easier up to a point because part of the disadvantages can be valued in term of the additional costs of those affected.

85. A. What are the environmental effects of the urbanization transportation? 8. Neighborhood Severance, both physical and sociological – This can partly be quantified in terms of changed travel time and costs, and accident experience to pedestrians and traffic. 9. Relocation – There must be programs that are designed to cover compensation for those who relocate as a consequence of transport investment, whether property owner or tenants.

86. A. What are the environmental effects of the urbanization transportation Distraction during planning and construction – In some cases, benefits offset the distraction cost, which are experienced by people during construction of new facilities, loss of business, excess noise, dirt, vibration during constructing and excess journey cost through diversions because of building. Accident Experiences – These are evaluated by well established procedures of which perhaps the only major controversial aspect is the valuation given to human life

87. A. What are the environmental effects of the urbanization transportation Pedestrian Journey – the opportunity to make the roads safe and enjoyable for pedestrians and efficient for vehicles and set of roads provided access to dwelling and designed primarily for the safety of pedestrian. Congestion and other Benefits to Vehicles – It is for a livable and safe residential environment by reducing “through” vehicle travel

88. B. External Factors that influence the existing and future behavior of population. Rapidly increasing population growth Rapidly increasing urbanization Rapidly increasing motorization Industrialization and technical modernization Improvement of the transportation network that is the street network and the public transportation facilities

89. C. Alternatives A more pleasant environment can be achieved without negative implication for economy and trade, so that any reasonable step in this direction by decision makers deserves support

90. D. Laws and Statutes Concerning Traffic Ecology P.D. 1181, Providing for the prevention, control and abatement of Air Pollution from motor vehicles and for other purposes. Letter of Instruction no. 551, Directing the law enforcement agencies to implement the pollution control program. R.A. 8749 otherwise known as the Clear Air Act. An act providing for the regulation of motor vehicles emitting toxic gases like the use of the diesel and leaded gasoline

91. 5. Traffic Economy This is the most recent of the pillars of traffic which deals with the benefits and adverse effects of traffic to our economy. Primarily, traffic operation is designed to expedite the movement of traffic

92. TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION It is the process of training roads users in the avoidance and prevention of traffic related accident

93. ROAD SAFETY It refers to reduced risk of accident or injury on the roads, achieved through multidisciplinary approaches involving road engineering and traffic management, education and training of road users, and vehicle design

94. A. Factors contributing to Accidents. Human errors Going to fast or excessive speed; Failing to give at junctions; Following too closely; Overtaking improperly; Misperceiving or misjudging the road situation ahead; Intoxicating of alcohol or drug; and Lack of skill

95. A. Factors contributing to Accidents. Road deficiencies that are main contributory factors. Poor design of layout and control at junctions; Inadequate signing, road marking, and lighting Slippery roads; and Obstructions on the road such as parked vehicle, on going road construction

96. A. Factors contributing to Accidents. Main vehicle factors Defects in tires, brakes, and light; Absence or non-using of seat belts; and Poorly maintained motor vehicles.

97. B. The 3 principles that have been emphasized as effective in the prevention of traffic accident are known as the 3 “E” or pillars of traffic Engineering ( traffic engineering ) Effective construction and maintenance of traffic facilities which does not only expedite the movement of traffic but also prevents the occurrence of traffic accidents. Education ( in traffic safety ) when road users are informed of the traffic laws, rules and regulations, accidents are likely prevented Enforcement(of traffic rules) one of the causes of accidents is the blatant non-compliance of motorists and pedestrian to traffic laws, rules and regulations

98. B. The 3 principles that have been emphasized as effective in the prevention of traffic accident are known as the 3 “E” or pillars of traffic Ecology/Environment – People should be educated regarding the adverse effect of traffic to our environment that directly indirectly affects the population’s health Economy – People should learn also to develop schemes that do not only lessen expenses but also accident free.

99. C. Levels of Traffic Safety Education Imparting knowledge concerning traffic safety; Training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety knowledge; and Developing traffic safety morality.

100. D. Traffic Safety for Children Elementary Secondary Higher Education

101. E. Traffic Safety Education for Adults Safety education for elder pedestrians and drivers is relatively easier compared to the education designed for younger children.

102. F. Driver’s Education To instill awareness of one’s legal and moral responsibilities in traffic, and To teach the abilities required for one to be eligible for a driver’s license.

103. Four (4) Basic Types of Instruction Methods Comprehensive – This method places the student into real life of driving situations from the beginning. Traditional Instruction – This type of instruction depends on instructor student communication. Commentary Driving Method – The student driver accompanied by an instructor. Simulated Conditions – On and Off Road Training.

104. Essential Component of Driving Tasks Collection of information Processing of information Action which is focused on

105. Safety Campaign This is a mass publicity aimed to make road users behave more safety

106. 1.Safety Campaign Classification According to purpose – May be categorized as informational, attitudinal and behavioral; and According to kind of appeal – used to reason by simply feeding the public with authenticated factual data.

107. 2. Safety Campaign Design Initial campaign planning Final campaign design Campaign evaluation

108. 3. Private and Government entities responsible for Safety campaign Newspapers Radio Broadcasting Networks Television Broadcasting Network Public information Agencies

109. TRAFFIC LAWS, RULES AND REGULATIONS Republic Acts (R.A.s) R.A. 4136 this is the basic law regulating land transportation in the Philippines. R.A. 6539 The which is known as the “ Anti Carnapping Act of 1972” The act preventing and penalizing carnapping. R.A. 5448 Act imposing a tax on privately owned passenger automobiles, motorcycles and scooters. R.A 8749 Also known as the “ Clean air Act which regulates emission of toxic gases of both gasoline and diesel engines

110. R.A. 8750 It provides for the attachment of seat belts for all types of motor vehicles and imposes penalty for the non-compliance thereof. R.A. 7924 The Act creating the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority, defining its powers and functions, providing funds therefore and for other purposes.

111. 2. Presidential Decree ( P.D.s) a. P.D. No. 96. Regulating the use of sirens, bells, hors, etc.,, by prohibiting the attachment of any siren, horn bell, etc. on motor vehicles which produce unusual or starting sounds as well as brinkers and other similar devices unless the vehicle belongs to the AFP, NBI, LTO, PNP, BJMP, Hospitals and Fire Department and are specifically intended for use in emergencies.

112. P.D. No. 101. Expediting the methods of prescribing, redefining or modifying the lines and modes of operations of public utility motor vehicles in the Philippines. P.D. No. 207 Declaring as part of the laws of the Philippines the vienna Convention on Road Traffic Signs and Signals P.D. N. 612. Requiring compulsory insurance for all types of Motor Vehicles against third party liability as an additional prerequisite for registration by the LTO

113. P.D. 1686. Imposing a tax on every motor vehicle equipped with air conditioner P.D. 1181 Providing for the abatement of air pollution from motor vehicles and for other purposes. P.D. 1605 Granting the Metropolitan Manila Commission certain powers related to traffic Management and control in Metropolitan Manila providing penalties, and for other purposes. P.D. 98 Regulating the issuance of license plates of all motor vehicles.

114. P.D. 1729 Authorizing the Bureau of Land Transportation to dispose of impounded motor vehicles unclaimed by owners for a certain period of time P.D. 1730 Declaring the syndicated printing, manufacture, distribution, possession or use of fake official Bureau of Land Transportation form, documents, plates and stickers as offenses involving economics sabotage

115. 3. Letters of Instruction ( L.O.I.s ) L.O.I. No. 43. Providing for the removal of all impediments on roads, streets and highways such as constructions, stalled or parked vehicles and other movables property that obstruct free passage. L.O.I. No. 112. Prohibiting freight and cargo trucks from using roads, highways and bridges whose load capacities are in excess of specific allowable limits. L.O.I. 716. Every motor vehicle to equip at least a pair of early warning device.

116. L.O.I. No. 229. Requiring all motor vehicles owners, users, or drivers to have in their possession at all times while driving at least one (1) pair of every warning device ( EWD ) for use when the vehicle is disabled on roads, streets and highways or other emergencies compelling the vehicle to be on stop position L.O.I. 551. Directing the law enforcement agencies to implement the Pollution Control Program.

117. L.O.I. 853. Calling for the National tripartite Conference to consider the establishment of viable labor management relations based upon the “ boundary” system in land transportation. L.O.I. 1071. Owners and/or operators of motor vehicles are authorized to pay the annual premiums for the insurance of their motor annual premiums for the insurance of their motor vehicles on quarterly basis.

118. 4. Department Orders ( D.O.s ) DOTC D.O. 88-305. Rules of pleadings, practice and procedure for appeals on franchising, fare rates charges and others related matters pertinent to Land Transportation Public Utilities. D.O. 93-693. Revised Schedule of Administrative Fees and charges of the Land Transportation Office.

119. 5. Administrative and Special Orders A.O. No. VIII, S-1968, LTC. Requiring the towing and impounding of stalled motor vehicles on public highways and the imposition of corresponding fees thereof. A.O. No. 1, S-1973, LTC, Prescribing guidelines and procedures in the implementation of PD No. 96. A.O. No. 1, S-1975, LTC Laying down specific rules action in the imposition of uniform fines and penalties for violation of the provisions of RA 4136. S.O. No. 101, LTC. Enumerating and identifying various city streets where parking is prohibited.

120. 6. Memorandum Circulars LTC M.C. to all patrol officers, Deputies and Agents dtd 09 august 1975. Directing that motor vehicles whose loads are rice, cereals, fertilizers and other prime commodities are not to be apprehended and stopped on roads and highways except only in cases of serious violations. LTC M.C. No. 33, dated 12 September 1972. Providing guidelines in the apprehension of illegally parked motor vehicles

121. LTC M.C. No. 15, dated 19 January 1972. Regulating and laying instructions in the use of Special Commemorative Motor Vehicle Plates M.C. 94-199, Aide-memoir regarding retention and authority by LTO to register motorized tricycles under R.A. 4136, and guidelines to implement devolution of LTFRB’s Franchising Authority over TC’s per R.A. 7160 issued by DOTC. M.C. 94-188. Issuance of driver’s license to disabled persons.

122. M.C. 92-146. Re-implementation of LOI 229, as amended by LOI 479 directing the installation of early warning devices of motor vehicles. M.C. 94-192. Diesel smoke emission test for motor vehicles. M.C. 90-020. Directing all public land transportation service operators and drivers to display in any conspicuous place of their vehicles the authorized fare matrix for the specific route granted them to avoid conflict

123. M.C. 93-011. Enjoining all public utility operators to use garage instead of public places or side streets in parking their vehicles. M.C. 94-002. Sanctions on operators arising from the violations of their drivers. M.C. 94-209. Clarificatory guidelines for the registration/operation of new private vehicles particularly in the use of conduction sticker.

124. 7. Executive Orders ( E.O.s ) E.O. 125. Reorganizing the DOTC, defining its powers and functions and for other purposes E.O. 266. Providing for two service units in the Office of the Asst. Sec. for Land Transportation in the DOTC( Law Enforcement Services and Traffic Adjudication Services), defining the powers and functions thereof and for other purposes.

125. E.O. 202. Creating the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board ( LTFRB) E.O. 248. Empowering the Land Transportation Commission to control and supervise the operations of motor vehicle driving schools.

126. 8. Other Special Laws, Statutes, Etc. BP Blg. 344. Act to enhance the mobility of disabled persons by requiring certain buildings, institutions, establishments and public utilities to install facilities and other devices. 1. Sec. 1, Par. 2. In the case of the parking place of any of the above institutions, buildings, or establishments, or public utilities, the owner or operator shall reserve sufficient and suitable space for the use of disabled persons.

127. Sec. 2. In case of public conveyance, devices such as the prominent display of posters, stickers shall be used to generate public awareness of the rights of the disabled and posters understanding of their special needs Discriminating against disabled persons in the carriage or transportation of passengers is hereby declared unlawful. Memorandum Unnumbered Dated July 13, 1992. EWD not a requirement for registration.

128. A. Classification of Registered Motor Vehicles Private ( not for hire ) – These are motor vehicles used for the personal use of their owners. Public Utility Vehicles ( PUV for hire )-These are registered primarily for the conveyance of passengers and other commercial goods, i, e., passenger jeepneys, taxi cabs, etc. Government – These are motor vehicles owned by government offices and are used for official purposes only. Diplomat – These are issued to foreign diplomats and consuls assigned in the Philippines.

129. B. Plate Numbers Green with white background – Issued to private or not for hire motor vehicles Black with yellow background – Issued to PUVs. Red ( maroon ) with white background – Issued to government owned MVs. Blue with white background – Assigned for foreign diplomats, consuls and other foreign dignitaries. Commemorative plate – These special plate numbers are issued for specific purposes such as fund-raising for government projects and programs.

130. C. Schedule of Registration Last Digit Middle Digit Of Plate of Plate Number number 1-Jan 6-Jun 1 2 3 2-Feb 7-Jul 4 5 6 3-Mar 8-Aug 7 8 4-Apr 9-Sep 9 0 5-May 0-Oct

131. Driver’ License A document issued to a qualified driver who possesses the statutory qualification as provided therefore

132. Types of Licenses, Procedures and Requirements International Driver’s License – Bonafide tourist and transients who are duly licensed to operate motor vehicles in their respective countries may be allowed to operate motor vehicles during their stay but not beyond 90 days of their sojourn in the Philippines. The applicant must submit the following requirements: The original foreign license plus a photo copy of the same license

133. In the event that the foreign license is written in the language of the license holder other than ENGLISH, a translation of the contents of the license into ENGLISH from the embassy from which the license was issued. In the event that the applicant applies for a license or if his foreign license is expired at the time that the application is filed, the applicant will have to undergo both a WRITTEN EXAMINATION AND AN ACTUAL ROAD TEST. An application form filled by the applicant. Note : Foreign license applicants can only be issued a NON PROFESSIONAL LICENSE

134. 2. Military Driver’s License Enlisted personnel of the AFP operating motor vehicles owned by the government shall be license in accordance with RA 4136 but no license or delinquency fees shall be collected thereof.

135. 3. Professional Driver’s License This license is issued to a driver hired or paid for driving or operating a motor vehicle whether private use or for hire to the public. Must be at least 18 years of age Presentation of either the following documents: A STUDENT PERMIT which has been issued in the possession of the applicant for at least 5 months. A NON-PROFESSIONAL Driver’s License that has been in the possession of the applicant for not less than 4 months

136. A certificate from an LTO accredited doctor attesting to the following that the applicant: Is physically and mentally sound Has normal, non-impaired vision and hearing Does not have any contagious ailment; and Does not have a history of heavy drinking and drug abuse.

137. A Police, NBI, or Prosecutor’s clearance certifying that the applicant does not have a criminal record or any case involving the taking of a human life. He must pass a WRITTEN EXAMINATION To PASS An actual ROAD TEST An application form (ADL) filled out by the applicant Payment of the following amount Application fee; P 25.00 License fee; 240.00

138. 4. Non-Professional Driver’s License This kind of licensed is issued to owners of privately-owned motor vehicles or those not for hire or paid for driving. The applicant must fulfill the following requirements. Must be at least 17 years of age. A student Driver’s Permit that has been issued not less than 1 month from the date of application. A certificate from an LTO accredited doctor attesting that the applicant; Is physically and mentally sound. Has normal vision and hearing Must pass a WRITTEN EXAMINATION. Must Pass an actual ROAD TEST

139. An applicant form (ADL) filed out by the applicant. Payment of the following; Application fee; P 25.00 Licensing fee; 180.00 Total P 205.00

140. 5. Student Driver’s Permit This kind of document is issued to persons who desire to learn to drive. A student driver cannot operate a vehicle unless accompanied by an instructor who may either be a licensed professional or non – professional driver. The applicant must fulfill the following; Must be at least 16 years of age. Must be physically sound and in good health with no contagious ailments. Must be mentally capable

141. Must know how to read and write in his native dialect, in Tagalog or in English. Must apply personally at any LTO and have with him the following documents; Document of birth proof that he is 16 years old, either of the following; Joint affidavit by 2 not related individuals attesting to the age of the applicant. SSS identification card. Passport Voter’s I.D.

142. Applicants whose age is between 16 to 18 years old, and affidavit of consent signed by the parents or by the applicant’s legal guardian allowing the applicant to learn how to drive. 2 pcs. 1 x 1 black and white or color photographs of the applicant. Payment of the following; Application fee P 25.00 Student Permit fee 50.00 Total P 75.00

143. Maximum Allowable Speed P.C. and M. M.T. and B On open country roads, with 80km 50km No blind corners not closely Bordered by habitations b. On through street or boulevard 40km 30km Clear of traffic, with no blind corners When so designated c. On city and municipal streets, 30km 30km With light traffic, when not designated Through street d. Through crowded sts., approaching 20km 20km Intersections at blind corners, passing school zone, passing other vehicles which are stationary or similar Dangerous circumstances

144. Exception to the speed limit A physician or his driver when the former responds to emergency calls, The driver of a hospital ambulance on the to and from the place of accident or other emergency, Any driver bringing a wounded or sick person for emergency treatment to a hospital, clinics, or any other similar place The driver of a motor vehicle belonging to the AFP while in use for official purposes in times of riot, insurrection or invasion

145. The driver of a vehicle, when he or his passengers are in pursuit of a criminal, A law-enforcement officer who is trying to overtake a violator of traffic laws, The driver officially operating a motor vehicle of any fire department, provided that exemption shall not be construed to allow useless or unnecessary fast driving of driver aforementioned

146. Classification of International Traffic signs Danger Warning signs. These signs are also known as “ caution signs.” These signs have an equilateral triangular shape with one side horizontal and having red boarders Regulatory Signs. These are signs which impose legal restrictions applicable at particular location usually enforceable in the absence4 of such signs. Informative Signs. These signs are also known as “ guide signs” or “ direction signs”. The triangular shape white colored on blue background.

147. Traffic Control It refers to procedures, devices, and communication system that help vehicles and vessels safely share the same roads, rails, waterways, or air space.

148. Highway Traffic Control 1. Traffic Signs. Like traffic signal lights and road markings are used to convey quickly and accurately the wide range of information needed by road users, particularly vehicle drivers, and to promote a safe and efficient use of the road system - refer to any device mounted on por5table support whereby a message is conveyed by means of words or symbols officially installed for the purpose of regulating, warning, or guiding traffic

149. Pavement Marking. These pertain to all lines or It separate opposing streams of traffic and direct vehicles into proper positions on the roadway. Traffic Signal. Are installed to permit safe movement of vehicles and pedestrians at busy intersections. The signal light is probably the most easily recognized traffic control device. Priority Control. In one of the oldest method of traffic control, one form of transportation is given priority by r5estricting or banning other forms of transportation. Restraints. As an alternative to banning traffic, traffic contr5ol planners use devices to discourage heavy use of a route.

150. Function of Traffic Islands Segregate pedestrians and vehicles: and Control streams of traffic in order to minimize conflict, expedite traffic flow or increase safety

151. Classifications of Traffic Islands Pedestrian Island/ Barriers. These are constructed between the pedestrian sidewalk and the road pavement to pre4vent pedestrian from using the roadway Traffic Islands. These are the raised portion in the middle of the traffic way constructed to separate the streams of motor vehicle traversing on opposite directions and at the same time preventing motorists from using the opposite lane for overtaking.

152. Traffic Law Enforcement Is part of enforcement involving the arrest, issuance of Temporary Operator’s Permit ( TOP) or Inspection Report Summons, or warning of any person who is believed to have violated a law, ordinance, or regulation pertaining to the use of traffic roads.

153. Two Major Functions 0f Traffic Law Enforcement Police Traffic Law Enforcement. This function includes the e3nforcement of traffic laws deterrent to law violations, special assistance to prosecutors and courts Court Traffic Law Enforcement. One part of traffic law enforcement is performed by the court through Prosecution, Adjudication and Penalization of cases.

154. Three Important Goals of Enforcement activities To increase safety level To increase traffic efficiency To insure harmonious and comfortable environment

155. Major Elements of Traffic Enforcement System Enforcement System. This area consists of legislation, police and the court. Road Users System. This elements includes pedestrians, pedal cyclist, drivers, passenger and others. Road System. This area is composed of the entire road and vehicle complex, as well as all traffic rules and regulations

156. Five Essential Steps in the Enforcement Process Detection. A whole police responsibility that entails looking for defects in the behavior of motorist, pedestrians, vehicles, equipment and roadway condition. Apprehension. It is also a whole police function which involves the actual taking of enforcement actions Prosecution. This area is handled by the prosecution and partly the court where the police also provide corresponding influences through preparation and introduction of evidence

157. Adjudication. A court and prosecutions function, the police provide influence on this step by acting as witness to the prosecution or applying additional evidence. Penalization. The court after due process imposes the penalty upon the accused if found guilty

158. Reasons for Violation of Traffic Laws Physical disabilities or infirmities Ignorance of traffic Lack of training and experience Wrong attitude towards driving PUV drivers for increased compensation Driver’s apathy towards signs, signals and markings Influential person violate because they feel they are exempted from punishment

159. Kinds of Enforcement Action Traffic Arrest. It is an enforcement action which consists of taking a person into custody for of holding or detaining him to answer a charge of law violation before a court Traffic Citation. This is a means of having violators appear in court without physical arrest Traffic Warning. This is an enforcement action which does not contemplate possible assessment of penalty by the court or otherwise as a re4sult of warning alone

160. Traffic Accident Investigation Generally, to know what question to ask and what to look for, you must have some fundamental bearing on accidents and their causes. When you speak of traffic accident, everybody knows what you mean- SOMETHING WENT WRONG on the highway, either a wrecked car, somebody is injured or possibly killed

161. What Traffic Accident Investigation Determines 5Ws and 1H of the Incident What happened? Who and What was involved? Where did it happen? Why did it happen? How did the accident occur? When did the accident happen?

162. Purposes of the Traffic Accident Investigation. Everyone involved is curious about the causes and circumstances of the accident For the police- to find out whether there is enough evidence of law violation in the accident Claims attorneys and adjusters want to determine negligence on the part of the drivers involved in the accident so that damage claims can be properly adjusted Officials and others want specific information about accident to know how to prevent future accident

163. ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF INFORMATIONS ( EEI ) What, when, where, who, how and why are called the essential elements of information. These are the questions that will help you obtain the complete facts of an incident. Under each of the above EEI several questions can be asked to get the desired information.

164. WHAT? WHAT Happened? What is the crime committed? What is the complete name, age, marital status, occupation and exact address of the victim and the suspect? What is the car used? What is the motive of the crime? What is the situation of the victims? What are the evidences obtained in the scene? What do witnesses knew about the crime What are the names and exact address of the witnesses? What action was taken?

165. WHEN? When did the incident happen? When did you know the incident? When was it reported to the police? When was the victim brought to the hospital? When was the suspect arrested? When was the suspect turned over to the police?

166. WHERE? Where did the incident happen? Where did you know the incident? Where was it reported? Where was the victims brought? Where was the suspect arrested? Where was the suspect detained? Where the evidences? Where can the witnesses be contacted?

167. WHO? Who is the victim? Who is the subject? Who else are involved? Who reported the incident? Who brought the victim to hospital? Who are the witnesses?

168. WHY AND HOW? Why is a particular a suspect? How was the crime committed? How many persons are involved? How was the crime reported?

169. HOW INCIDENT REPORTING PREPARED? To make your reporting easy, prepare questions using all the essential elements of information, the WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, WHO, HOW AND WHY at the left side of your writing pad which you will just answer each question correctly and completely.

170. EXAMPLE What happened : Shooting Incident. When did it happen : on or about 1835H 12 September 2010 Where did it happen : inside EDS Manufacturing compound in Anabu LL, Imus, Cavite. Who was Shot : Victor Rances y Gadiano 25 yrs., old, single, employee of EDS Manufacturing and resident of 2334 Juan Luna St., Imus , Cavite.

171. How was the victim shot: was shot once at the breast. What weapon was used: with the use of a caliber 38 revolver paltik by Who shot him: Chrisanto Ternal y Corral alias Totong 27 yrs. Old, married, likewise an employee of same establishment and resident of 143 M.H. del Pilar St. Dasmarinas Cavite. Why was the victim shot: long standing grudge.

172. Action Taken: Victim was rushed to St. Dominic Hospital In Manila, by Mr. Jose Gan with two other male employees onboard EDS service jeep for treatment while suspect was arrested with weapon used and turn over to responding police officer SPO4 Carlos Duran of Manila Police Station at 2045H same date. Names and address of witnesses submitted to same police officer.

173. Common Words and Phrases Used in Traffic Accident Investigation Accident. It is that occurrence in a sequence of events which usually produces unintended injury, death, or property damage. Traffic Accident. An accident involving travel transportation on a traffic way Motor Vehicle Accident. Events resulting in unintended injury or property damage attributable directly or indirectly to the action of a motor vehicle or its loads. Motor Vehicle. Every device which is self propelled and every trolley wires, but not operated upon rails

174. Key Event. An event on the road which characterizes the manner of occurrence of a motor vehicle traffic accident Debris. The scattered broken parts of vehicles, rubbish, dust and other materials left at the scene of the accident caused by a collision Skid Marks. These are marks left on the roadway by tires which are not free to rotate, usually because brakes are applied strong and wheels locked

175. Traffic Unit. Any person using a traffic way for travel, parking or other purposes as a pedestrian or driver, including any vehicle, or animal which he is using. It applies not only to motor vehicles also to: Pedestrians Cyclists Street cars Horse-drawn Farm tractors; and Other road users

176. Hazards. Is generated when a critical space-motion relationships between a traffic unit and another object develops due to the movement of either or both Safe Speed. The speed adjusted to the potential or possible hazards or the road and traffic situation ahead Strategy. It is the adjusting of speed, position on the road, and direction of motion, giving signals on intent to turn or slow down, or any other action in situations involving potential hazards

177. Tactic. Any action taken by the traffic unit to avoid hazardous situations like steering, braking, or accelerating to avoid collision or other accident Impact. The striking of one body against another or a collision of a motor vehicle with another motor vehicle. Contact Damage. Damage to a vehicle resulting from direct pressure of some foreign object in a collision or roll over.

178. 15. Factor. Any circumstance contributing to a result without which the result could not have occurred or it is an element necessary to produce the result, but not by itself sufficient 16. Primary Cause. A misnomer loosely applied to the most obvious or easily explained factor in the cause of an accident or the most easily modified condition factor

179. 17. Cause. The combination of simultaneous and sequential factors without any one of which result could not have occurred 18. Attribute. Any inherent characteristics of a road, a vehicle, or a person that affects the probability of a traffic accident 19. Modifier. A circumstance that alters an attribute permanently or temporarily

180. Kinds of Traffic Accidents Non-Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident. Refers to any accident occurring on a traffic way involving persons using the traffic way or travel or transportation, but not involving a motor vehicle in motion. Motor Vehicle Non-Traffic Accident. Any motor vehicle accident which occurs entirely in any place other than a traffic way Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident. Any motor vehicle accident occurring on a traffic way

181. Causes of Motor Vehicle Traffic Accident Simultaneous Factors Road conditions Drivers attitude or behavior Weather condition Sequential Factors Speed is greater or less than safe Defective vehicle Operational Factors Road hazards Driver’s non-compliance to traffic laws, rules and regulations

182. Perception Factors Driver’s inability to react promptly to a situation Driver’s faulty action to escape collision course

183. Chain Of Events in a Vehicular Accident Perception of Hazard. It is seeing, feeling, or hearing and understanding the usual or unexpected movement or condition that could be taken as sign of the accident about to happen Start of evasive action. It is the first action taken by a traffic unit to escape from a collision course or otherwise avoid a hazard Initial Contact. The first accidental touching of an object collision course or otherwise avoids a hazard

184. Maximum Engagement. It is greatest collapse or overlap in a collision. The force between the traffic unit and the object collided with are greatest a maximum engagement Disengagement. It is the separation of a traffic unit in motion from an object with which it has collided. Stopping. This is when the traffic unit/s involved come to rest Injury. It is receiving bodily harm

185. Five (5) Levels of Activity in Accident Investigation Reporting. This stage involves basic data collection to identify and classify a motor vehicle, traffic and persons, property and planned movements involved. At-Scene Investigation. This level involves all action taken by the investigator at the scene of the crime or accident Technical Preparation. This involves delayed traffic accident data collection and organization for the study and interpretation.

186. Professional Reconstruction. This involves efforts to determine from whatever information is available, how the accident happened. Cause Analysis. This last level usually involves final analysis on the causes of accident which are bases for the prevention of similar accident.

187. Steps Taken by the Police during Traffic Accident Investigation Step One. Upon Learning of the Accident. Ask first: when did the accident happen? Exactly where was it? How bad was it? Did you see the accident happened? And where can you be reached? Decide whether to go to the scene: will scene have been cleared by the time of arrival? Is it in investigator’s area? And should headquarters be informed or consulted Then find out, if necessary: Is traffic blocked? Has ambulance been called? Has wrencher been called? And was fire apparatus called?

188. Step Two. Start for the Scene. Choose Best Approach. Consider: Time; possible traffic jams; possible route of driver involved probable situation at scene Drive Safely. Get there safely; if you get involved in accident yourself, then other units must be used Be Alert for Cars leaving the scene; As possible witnesses or hit and run drivers; and record registration numbers of any likely looking vehicles.

189. Get Equipment Ready for use. So far as practical on the way Look for Conditions confronting a driver approaching Scene Low visibility view obstructions; and traffic control devices. Note Hazards to approaching Traffic: Drop helper to direct traffic if necessary; and look for physical evidence. Have it guarded until it can be examined, collected or located

190. Step Three. Upon Arrival at the Accident Scene Select Parking place carefully; Is it safe?; will it block traffic? And can headlight illuminate scene? Care for injured: Stop arterial bleeding; call for help it necessary; help injured from cars safely; protect injured from exposure; and ask for emergency assistance from bystanders from anywhere Look over bystanders and others” look for drivers; look for possible witnesses; look for volunteers who will help you; and get them under control

191. Have emergencies Under Control: Have spilled gasoline guarded: look for fire and electrical hazards; look for traffic hazards; put out flares; ask helper to direct traffic; keep bystanders off roadway; and request help from headquarters if needed Locate drivers; consider possibility of hit and run accident; and need to alert headquarters. Measure location of short lived evidences Arrange for cleaning roadway Delay removal of vehicles except to aid injured

192. Step Four. When Emergency is Under Control. Preliminary questioning of drivers; who was driving each vehicles? Note unpremeditated statement; and look for signs of nervousness, confusion and intoxication Gather clues for identifying hit and run cars: Question other witnesses especially bystanders in hurry to go; and if needed, get signed statement at once from why who may be hard to find later Examine drivers conditions; Get specimen for chemical test; and question about trip plan for possible fatigue

193. Question drivers carefully; Check license and record data from it; verify and identify address; check registration and record data; verify ownership and correct address; and Get step by step account of what driver saw and did. Position and condition of vehicles; Note lights and light switches; note gear position and tires; mark position of vehicles if it must be removed; and look for unusual thing inside the vehicles.

194. Form preliminary opinion as to how accident occurs. Photograph skid mark and location of vehicles; and mark skid mark location for later measurement Record place to which injured persons or damage vehicles were or will be taken.

195. Step Five. After Getting Short-live Evidence Get additional evidence: Make test skids; decide whether proof of violation is sufficient for arrest; if so, make arrest or issue citation; get additional formal statements, from witnesses remaining at the scene; and have road clear if traffic is obstructed. Suggestion to drivers, if necessary’ How much accidents can be avoided in the future; and tell drivers what reports they must make and dismiss them.

196. Approach the scene by path of each traffic unit involved. Look for; View obstructions; traffic control devices, etc.; probable points of perception; and road surface conditions Complete examination of vehicles Locate key event accident Make additional photographs of; vehicle damage; view obstruction; pavements conditions; and control devices, and general view, etc.

197. Establish exact location of accident and record it. Measure for scale diagram if location is hard to reach Review notes of evidence or testimony; Get additional facts at scene; and identify all notes with places and time. Clean up location or arrange to have it done Report to headquarters by radio or telephone.

198. Step Six. After leaving the scene Get medical report on injured persons from doctor or hospital. Question drivers or witnesses; at hospital or home if not adequately questioned; and take needed additional statements. Notify; Relatives of dead or injured; and/or Owner of vehicles. Have specimens analyzed if were taken for chemical or laboratory test Have photograph developed; get prints if needed for report

199. Complete the report of the accident; have copies made if necessary; file report and copies; and complete factual data on investigation report if not completed at scene Decide whether analysis of accident is warranted by the time available for making it Reconstruction of the accident; Estimate speeds of vehicles involved; draw scale diagram; analyze angle of collision; get technical help if necessary, and summarize opinions

200. i. Present case summary j. Complete report or investigation Submit to superior for approval Inform other Agencies or departments of any condition at the scene which needs attention for safety

201. Step Seven. If Case Goes to Court Find out what the prosecutor wants further to develop evidence Return to the scene if necessary for the following; Additional photographs of general scene and long-lived evidence; measure for scale diagram for use in court; and locate additional witnesses and review their testimony Locate also, if necessary; Relatives and friends who confirm activities before the accident; technicians who developed pictures.

202. Have enlargement made of any photo needed in court. Enlarge scale diagram made for court use. Pre-trial conference with prosecution witnesses to review testimony Insure that subpoenas are issued Testify in court Organize papers and file permanently, if necessary, for future reference