Cell-and-its-Types [Auto-saved].pptbasics in biologyx

cell and its types basics

1. Module 1: Biological Systems Topics: Introduction Origin of life, evolution Cell: Basic unit of life, cell cycle and cell division Chemical composition of living forms Significance of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins & nucleic acid in human body By, A Shifa Sultana

2. Cell & its Types: 1. Cells are the fundamental building blocks of all living organisms. 2.They can be classified into two main types: eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells. .

3. What is Life? Life is a complex phenomenon characterized by several key properties. It involves organized structures, the ability to metabolize resources, maintain internal balance (homeostasis), grow and develop, reproduce, respond to stimuli, and adapt to changing environments.

4. Cells in the Human Body Epithelial Cells Covering the exterior and lining the interior of the body, epithelial cells protect organs and facilitate absorption, secretion, and sensation. Muscle Cells Responsible for movement, muscle cells come in three varieties - skeletal, cardiac, and smooth - each with specialized functions. Nerve Cells Also known as neurons, nerve cells transmit electrical signals throughout the body, enabling sensation, cognition, and control of bodily functions. Connective Tissue Cells Providing structural and functional support, connective tissue cells like fibroblasts, adipocytes, and leukocytes bind, insulate, and protect the body.

5. Tissues and Their Types Muscle Tissue Responsible for movement and contraction, muscle tissue comes in three varieties: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Each type has specialized functions and structure. Connective Tissue Providing structural support, insulation, and protection, connective tissue includes cells like fibroblasts, adipocytes, and leukocytes. It binds, supports, and cushions the body's organs and systems. Epithelial Tissue Covering the exterior and lining the interior of the body, epithelial tissue protects organs and facilitates absorption, secretion, and sensation. It comes in many specialized forms. Nervous Tissue Composed of neurons that transmit electrical signals, nervous tissue enables sensation, cognition, and control of bodily functions. The central and peripheral nervous systems coordinate the body's responses.

6. The Scientific View on the Origin of Life on Earth There are two main hypotheses on the scientific origin of life on Earth: The Primordial Soup Hypothesis: Life emerged from a gradual buildup of complex organic compounds in the ancient oceans. The Panspermia Hypothesis: Life was seeded on Earth by meteorites or comets carrying organic molecules from elsewhere in the universe.

7. The Urey-Miller Experiment In 1952, scientists Harold Urey and Stanley Miller conducted a groundbreaking experiment that simulated the early Earth's atmospheric conditions. Their findings provided key evidence for the primordial soup hypothesis of life's origin.

8. Monomers, Polymers, Protobionts, and Endosymbiosis Monomers and Polymers Monomers are the basic building blocks of life, such as amino acids and nucleic acids. These monomers can combine to form complex polymers like proteins and nucleic acids, which are essential for the structure and function of living organisms. Protobionts Protobionts are proposed early cellular structures that may have preceded modern cells. These simple, membrane-bound entities could have been the precursors to the first true cells, possessing some of the basic characteristics of life. Endosymbiosis Theory The endosymbiosis theory suggests that certain organelles within eukaryotic cells, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, originated from the engulfment and incorporation of prokaryotic organisms into early eukaryotic cells, resulting in a symbiotic relationship.

9. What is Evolution? Phylogenetic Tree of Life 1 Adaptation Organisms evolve to fit their environment. 2 Natural Selection Traits that aid survival are passed on. 3 Genetic Variation Mutations and recombination create diversity. Evolution is the gradual change in the inherited characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. The phylogenetic tree of life illustrates the evolutionary relationships between different species, showing how they have branched and diverged over billions of years. Understanding evolution is critical for fields like biology, anthropology, and medicine.

10. Lamarck's Evolutionary Theory Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, an early 19th century French biologist, proposed a theory of evolution that emphasized the inheritance of acquired characteristics. He used the example of the giraffe's long neck, suggesting it evolved over generations as giraffes stretched their necks to reach higher leaves. Lamarck also studied fossils, which provided evidence that organisms had changed over time. His work laid important groundwork for the theory of evolution, even though his specific mechanisms were later disproven by Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection.

11. Darwin's Finch Beak Evolution Charles Darwin's observations of the diverse beak shapes in Galapagos finches provided key evidence for his theory of evolution by natural selection. He noted how the finches' beaks had adapted to exploit different food sources, from seeds to insects, demonstrating how species can evolve to fill unique ecological niches.

12. Cell cycle and cell division

13. Chemical composition of living forms Living/non living=====made of matter( space+mass ) 3 states Solid, liquid and gas All living and non living matter is made up of building blocks called CHEMICAL ELEMENTS Elementary analysis says ==all living and non living matter is made up of 26 elements in human body 4 major elements======having 96% of body mass i.e O,C,H & N 8 other having lesser elements =====having 3.6% of body mass i.e C,P,K,S,Na,Cl,Mg & Fe 3)Other 14 elements are additional call traces elements in tiny amount (0.4%) Al, B,Cr , Co,Cu,F,I,Mn,Mo,Se,Si,Sn,V,Zn

14. Study if chemistry of living org===BIOCHEMISTRY Carbon compound observed from the living tissue===BIOMOLECULES