CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS - CELL PRO& EU.pptx

INTRODUCTION OF CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS FOR BSC STUDENSTS, WHAT IS CELL? WHAT IS THE CELL STRUCTURE AND ITS FUNCTIONS?
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELL? HOW IS A PROKARYOTIC CELL DEFINED?
WHAT IS AN EUKARYOTIC CELL? HOW IS IT DEFINED? RIBOSOSMES?
WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
U WILL FIND EVERYTHING HERE

1. CELL BIOLOGY AND GENETICS

2. Cell is the structural and functional unit in all living organisms. Cells show a large variation , but all the cells belonging to same tissue are generally similar in their size and shape. Shape of cells (spherical, cylindrical, rod shaped, hexagonal) Cell Structure and Functions

3. Prokaryotic Cell Prokaryotic cells are simpler and smaller than eukaryotic cells. Examples of prokaryotic cells include bacteria and archaea. They lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Key features- Nucleoid : Region where the cell's DNA is located, not enclosed by a membrane. Ribosomes : Sites of protein synthesis, smaller than those in eukaryotic cells. Cell Wall : Provides shape and protection; made of peptidoglycan in bacteria. Plasma Membrane : Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. Flagella: Tail-like structures used for movement (in some prokaryotes). Pili: Hair-like structures that help in attachment to surfaces and in conjugation (transfer of DNA between cells).

4. Eukaryotic cells are more complex and larger than prokaryotic cells. They have a nucleus and numerous membrane-bound organelles. Key features - Nucleus: Enclosed by a nuclear membrane, contains the cell's DNA. Ribosomes : Sites of protein synthesis, larger than those in prokaryotic cells. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER): Involved in protein and lipid synthesis; rough ER has ribosomes, smooth ER does not. Golgi Apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or for use within the cell.

5. Mitochondria: Powerhouse of the cell, generates ATP through cellular respiration. Lysosomes : Contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris. Chloroplasts: Found in plant cells, responsible for photosynthesis. Plasma Membrane: Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. Cytoskeleton: Network of protein filaments that maintain the cell's shape and assist in movement. Vacuoles: Storage sacs within the cell; large central vacuole in plant cells stores water and maintains turgor pressure.