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Cell Division: Mechanisms, Regulation, and Significance

Cell division is a fundamental process in biology, crucial for growth, development, and maintenance of all living organisms. It encompasses the intricate mechanisms by which a single cell divides to form two daughter cells, each with a complete set of genetic material. This essay explores the mechanisms of cell division, its regulation, and its biological significance.

I. Introduction
Cell division is vital for the continuity of life. It ensures that organisms can grow, repair tissues, and reproduce. There are two primary types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is responsible for somatic cell proliferation, while meiosis is essential for sexual reproduction. Both processes involve complex sequences of events that ensure genetic stability and diversity.

II. Mitosis: The Process of Somatic Cell Division
Mitosis is the process through which somatic cells divide to produce two genetically identical daughter cells. It is critical for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction. Mitosis is typically divided into several stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, followed by cytokinesis.

A. Prophase
Prophase is the first stage of mitosis, characterized by the condensation of chromatin into visible chromosomes. Each chromosome is composed of two sister chromatids joined at the centromere. During prophase, the nuclear envelope begins to break down, and the nucleolus disappears. The mitotic spindle, a structure made of microtubules, starts to form, originating from the centrosomes at opposite poles of the cell.

B. Metaphase
In metaphase, the chromosomes align along the metaphase plate, an imaginary line equidistant from the spindle poles. The spindle fibers attach to the centromeres of the chromosomes through protein complexes known as kinetochores. This alignment is crucial for ensuring that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes.

C. Anaphase
Anaphase is marked by the separation of sister chromatids, which are pulled towards opposite poles of the cell by the shortening of spindle fibers. This segregation ensures that each daughter cell will receive a complete set of chromosomes.

D. Telophase
During telophase, the separated chromosomes reach the poles of the cell and begin to de-condense back into chromatin. The nuclear envelope re-forms around each set of chromosomes, and the nucleolus reappears. This phase prepares the cell for the final division.

E. Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis is the final stage of cell division, involving the physical separation of the cytoplasm into two distinct daughter cells. In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs through the formation of a cleavage furrow that pinches the cell membrane. In plant cells, a cell plate forms along the center of the cell, leading to the development of a new cell wall.

1. CAMELLIA INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT
UNIVERSITY NAME: Maulana Abul Kalam
Azad University Of Technology
➢DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
➢NAME: Prem Kumar Chowdhury
➢SUBJECT NAME : Biology For Engineers
➢SUBJECT CODE : BS-EE-301
➢TOPIC: Cell Division

2. ❖Contents :
➢Introduction
➢Types
➢Comparison
➢Process of Mitosis Cell Division
➢Phases of Mitosis Cell Division

3. ➢Inunicellularorganisms,celldivisionisthemeansofreproduction;
in
➢multicellularorganisms,itisthemeansoftissue growth and
maintenance.
➢Everyday,everyhour,everysecondoneofthemostimportantevents
in
➢lifeisgoingoninyourbody—cellsaredividing.
➢Asinglecelldividestomaketwocellsandthesetwocellsthendivide
tomakefourcells,andsoon.Wecallthisprocess"celldivision"and
"cellreproduction,"becausenewcellsareformedwhenoldcellsdivide.
❖CELL DIVISION :

4. ➢Prokaryotic Cell Division
➢Eukaryotic Cell Division: Mitosis
➢Eukaryotic Cell Division: Meiosis
❖TypeS OF Cell
division:

5. ❖Prokaryotic cell
division:
➢The cell division process used by prokaryotes
(such as E. coli bacteria) and some unicellular
eukaryotes is calledbinary fission. For unicellular
organisms, cell division is the only method to
produce new individuals.

6. ➢Cell division is the driving process of
reproduction at the cellular level. Most
eukaryotic cells divide in a manner where
the ploidy or the number of chromosomes
remains the same, except in the case of
germ cells where the number of
chromosomes is halved.
❖MITOSIS:

7. ➢Meiosis is the process in which a single cell
divides twice to form four haploid daughter
cells. These cells are the gametes –sperms
in males and egg in females. The process of
meiosis is divided into 2 stages. Each stage
is subdivided into several phases.
Meiosis I:
I.Prophase I
II.Metaphase I
III.Anaphase I
IV.Telophase I
V.Cytokinesis I
Meiosis II:
I.Prophase II
II.Metaphase II
III.Anaphase II
IV.Telophase II
V.Cytokinesis II
❖MEIOSIS:

8. •Mitosis Stages
Mitosis starts withprophasein which the chromosome is condensed.
The cell proceeds tometaphasewhere the chromosomes are aligned
on the metaphase plate. Then the chromosomes are separated
inanaphaseand the cell’s cytoplasm is pinched apart
duringtelophase.Cytokinesisis the final process that breaks the cell
membrane and divides the cell into two.
•Meiosis Stages
The stages of meiosis are similar to mitosis, but the chromosomes
act differently. Meiosis has two phases, which include two separate
cell divisions without the DNA replicating between them.Meiosis
Iandmeiosis IIhave the same 4 stages as mitosis: prophase,
metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Cytokinesis concludes both
rounds of meiosis.
❖COMPARISION
BETWEEN MITOSIS &
MEISOIS :

9. ✓Theprocessofmitosis,orcelldivision,isalsoknownastheMphase.Thisis
wherethecelldividesitspreviously-copiedDNAandcytoplasmtomaketwo
new,identicaldaughtercells.
✓Mitosisishowsomatic—ornon-reproductivecells—divide.Somaticcells
makeupmostofyourbody'stissuesandorgans,includingskin,muscles,lungs,
gut,andhaircells.Reproductivecells(likeeggs)arenotsomaticcells.
✓Inmitosis,theimportantthingtorememberisthatthedaughtercellseach
havethesamechromosomesandDNAastheparentcell.
✓Thedaughtercellsfrommitosisarecalleddiploidcells.Diploidcellshavetwo
completesetsofchromosomes.
✓Sincethedaughtercellshaveexactcopiesoftheirparentcell'sDNA,no
geneticdiversityiscreatedthroughmitosisinnormalhealthycells.
❖PROCESS OF MITOSIS :

10. Prophase Metaphase
Mitosis
Anaphase Telophase
❖PHASE OF MITOSIS :

11. ✓Spindlefibersformaproteinstructurethatdividesthegeneticmaterialin
acell.
✓Thespindleisnecessarytoequallydividethechromosomesinaparental
cellintotwodaughtercellsduringbothtypesofnucleardivision:mitosis
andmeiosis.
✓Duringmitosis,thespindlefibersarecalledthemitoticspindle.
Meanwhile,duringmeiosis,thespindlefibersarereferredtoasthemeiotic
spindle.
✓Atthebeginningofnucleardivision,twowheel-shapedproteinstructures
calledcentriolespositionthemselvesatoppositeendsofthecellforming
cellpoles.
✓Longproteinfiberscalledmicrotubulesextendfromthecentriolesinall
possibledirections,formingwhatiscalledaspindle.
✓Someofthemicrotubulesattachthepolestothechromosomesby
connectingtoproteincomplexescalledkinetochores.
❖THE MITOTIC SPINDLE :

12. ✓Kinetochoresareproteinformationsthatdeveloponeachchromosome
aroundthecentromere,whichisaregionlocatednearthemiddleofa
chromosome.Othermicrotubulesbindtothechromosomearmsorextend
totheoppositeendofthecell.
❖THE MITOTIC SPINDLE :

13. ✓TheformationofspindleandchromosomescondenseintoX-shaped
structuresthatcanbeeasilyseenunderamicroscope.
✓Eachchromosomeiscomposedoftwosisterchromatids,containing
identicalgeneticinformation.
✓Thechromosomespairupsothatbothcopiesofchromosome1are
together,bothcopiesofchromosome2aretogether,andsoon.
✓Attheendofprophasethemembranearoundthenucleusinthecell
dissolvesawayreleasingthechromosomes.
✓Themitoticspindle,consistingofthemicrotubulesandotherproteins,
extendsacrossthecellbetweenthecentriolesastheymovetoopposite
polesofthecell.
❖PROPHASE:

15. ✓The chromosomes line up neatly end-
to-end along the center (equator) of
the cell.
✓Thecentriolesarenowatopposite
polesofthecellwiththemitotic
spindlefibresextendingfromthem.
✓Themitoticspindlefibresattachto
eachofthesisterchromatids.
❖METAPHASE:

16. ✓Thesisterchromatidsarethenpulledapartbythemitoticspindlewhichpulls
onechromatidtoonepoleandtheotherchromatidtotheoppositepole.
❖ANAPHASE:

17. ✓Ateachpoleofthecellafullsetof
chromosomesgathertogether.
✓Amembraneformsaroundeach
setofchromosomestocreatetwo
newnuclei.
✓Thesinglecellthenpinchesin
themiddletoformtwoseparate
daughtercellseachcontaininga
fullsetofchromosomeswithina
nucleus.Thisprocessisknownas
cytokinesis.
❖TELOPHASE:

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