Central dogma of molecular biology

This ppt covers:
Central dogma, discoverer of central dogma, Reason why its called central dogma, DNA, RNA, Protein, functions of protein, Types of RNA, DNA replication, Protein synthesis, Transcription, Translation, Exceptions of central dogma, Reverse transcription , prions, genetic code, mutation with types and causes

1. CONTENT Central dogma Discoverer of central dogma Reason why its called “Central Dogma” DNA RNA Proteins Functions of proteins Types of RNA DNA replication Protein synthesis Transcription Translation Exceptions to central dogma Reverse transcription Reason of reverse transcription as exception to central dogma Process of reverse transcription Prions Prions as exception to central dogma Genetic code Mutation Types of mutations Causes of mutation References

2. CENTRAL DOGMA?? Central dogma is basically the flow of information in the cell starting at DNA, which replicates to form more DNA. Information is then ‘transcribed” into RNA, and then it is “translated” into protein.

3. DICOVERER OF CENTRAL DOGMA Francis Crick 1958

4. REASON WHY CRICK CALLED IT CENTRAL DOGMA Francis Crick stated; " I called this idea the central dogma, for two reasons, I suspect. I had already used the obvious word hypothesis in the sequence hypothesis, and in addition I wanted to suggest that this new assumption was more central and more powerful."

5. TYPES OF RNA

6. PROTEINS

7. FUNCTIONS OF PROTEIN

8. DNA REPLICATION “It is the process by which  DNA  makes a copy of itself during cell division” PURPOSE: T o produce two identical copies of a  DNA   molecule E ssential for cell division during growth or repair of damaged tissues

9. STEPS OF DNA REPLICATION

10. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS Production of  proteins. C onsists of two processes —transcription  and translation . These two processes are summed up by the central dogma of molecular biology:  DNA → RNA → Protein .  During transcription, DNA is used as a template to make a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA).  The molecule of mRNA then leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome in the cytoplasm, where translation occurs and then the  genetic code in mRNA is read and used to make a  protein.

11. TRANSCRIPTION P rocess by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA ). Occurs: nucleus Transcription is carried out by: A n enzyme RNA polymerase A ccessory proteins transcription factors PROCESS

12. TRANSLATION P rocess by which the genetic code contained within mRNA is decoded to produce a specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain . O ccurs : ribosomes Carried out by: Enzymes: Aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase & Peptidyl transferase Factors: Elongation factors Initiation factor Translocase elongation factor Release factor PROCESS

13. Reverse transcriptase

14. Reverse transcription as an exception to central dogma (REASON):

15. PROCESS OF REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION

16. PRIONS Prions : M isfolded proteins with the ability to transmit their misfolded shape onto normal variants of the same protein . They characterize several fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases in humans and many other animals.

17. PRION AS AN EXCEPTION TO CENTRAL DOGMA P rion agent is a self-replicating protein and this does not fit with our modern understanding of proteins. "A self-replicating protein" is a major violation of the "Central Dogma", which says that only nucleic acids can "self-replicate ". These proteins actually directly replicate themselves by making conformational changes in other proteins.

18. MUTATION

19. CAUSES OF MUTATION

20. REFERENCES https:// www.slideshare.net/jackomar/central-dogma-of-molecular-biology-22678177 https:// www.slideshare.net/RISHAVDROLIA/central-dogma-65865947 https :// www.slideshare.net/ijazulhaqrana/central-dogma-of-molecular-biology-130904436 https:// www.slideshare.net/AnilBatta/central-dogma-of-molecular-biology-30829674 https :// socratic.org/questions/what-is-the-enzyme-used-in-translation https://www.nature.com/scitable/definition/transcription-dna-transcription-87/#:~:text=Transcription%20is%20the%20process%20by,as%20a%20reference%2C%20or%20template . https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/reverse-transcription#:~:text=Reverse%20transcription%20is%20the%20enzyme,a%20template%20for%20PCR%20amplification.&text=RNA%20template%3A%20RNA%20can%20be,variety%20of%20biological%20sample%20types . https://teachmephysiology.com/biochemistry/protein-synthesis/dna-translation/#:~:text=Translation%20is%20a%20process%20by,%3A%20initiation%2C%20elongation%20and%20termination . https :// www.google.com/search?q=mutation+causes&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPK824PK824&sxsrf=ALeKk014jS3LIh9GVewa8iKnEnE6EbxYSA:1606645090929&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwik2rKvw6ftAhW0QkEAHZgGA_4Q_AUoAXoECAYQAw&biw=1280&bih=577 https://www.google.com/search?q=genetic+code+slideshare&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwj1-KSYxKftAhVgDGMBHXhTAbUQ2-cCegQIABAA&oq=genetic+code+&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQARgJMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgQIABBDMgIIADICCABQgwpYgwpgsRtoAHAAeACAAccBiAHHAZIBAzAuMZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nwAEB&sclient=img&ei=PnbDX_XhNuCYjLsP-KaFqAs&bih=577&biw=1280&rlz=1C1CHBF_enPK824PK824#imgrc=QoxMcaNrSS7luM