Centrifugation types and its application

Centrifugation is a technique, based upon the behaviour of particles in an applied centrifugal filed.
Centrifugation is a mechanical process which involves the use of the centrifugal force to separate particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, medium viscosity and rotor speed. 
The denser components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge, while the less dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis.
 precipitate (pellet) will travel quickly and fully to the bottom of the tube.
The remaining liquid that lies above the precipitate is called a supernatant.

1. Davangere University DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY Shivagangothri , Davangere -07 SEMINAR TOPIC : CENTRIFUGATION TYPES AND IT’S APPLICATIONS Presented by : MOHAMMED ASIF KILLEDAR

2. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION HISTORY TYPE OF CENTRIFUGATION OPERATION APPLICATIONS CONCULSION REFERENCE

3. INTRODUCTION Centrifugation is a technique, based upon the behaviour of particles in an applied centrifugal filed. Centrifugation is a mechanical process which involves the use of the  centrifugal force  to separate particles from a solution according to their size, shape, density, medium viscosity and rotor speed.  The denser components of the mixture migrate away from the axis of the centrifuge, while the less dense components of the mixture migrate towards the axis.  precipitate (pellet) will travel quickly and fully to the bottom of the tube. The remaining liquid that lies above the precipitate is called a supernatant.

4. HISTORY In 1923 Theodore Svedberg developed the first high speed centrifuge to separate large grain sols(sediment particles). Nobel prize was awarded to him for his research and the invention of the ultracentrifuge. Centrifuges quickly became a laboratory equipment . Cellular organelle identification in 1929.

5. TYPES OF CENTRIFUGATION:

6. Preparative centrifugation: It is mainly used to actual separation, isolatio , purification ( eg . Whole blood cells, Subcellular organelles, Plasma membrane ) Preparative centrifuge is capable of spinning rotors to maximum speed of 80,000 rev min -1. Temperature monitoring system is sophisticated than in simpler instruments. Overspeed control system is provided.

7. Density gradient centrifugation: It allow separation of many or all components in a mixture and allows for measurement to be made. To further separate biological particles of similar size but differing densities, ultracentrifugation with pre-formed density gradients is the method of choice. There are two methods Rate zonal and isopycnic centrifugation.

8. Rate Zonal Centrifugation: The particles will begin sedimenting in separate zones according to their size shape and density. The larger particles will be able to travel to the bottom layer because they are more massive. Technique is used to separate enzyme, hormone, DNA-RNA hybrids, ribosomal subunits . Can separate proteins with similar density and different molecular mass easily.

9. Isopycnic centrifugation: In this type of centrifugation, the solution contains a greater range of densities. Each particle will sediment only to the position in the centrifuge tube at which the gradient density is equal to its own density. In isopycnic centrifigation separation of particles occurs into zones on the basis of their density differences, independent of time. Technique is used to separate and purify linear and circular forms of DNA .

10. Differential centrifugation: It is a common procedure in microbiology and cytology used to separate certain organelles from whole cells for further analysis of specific parts of cells. In the process, a tissue sample is first homogenized to break the cell membranes and mix up the cell contents. At the end of each step the pellet and the supernatant is separated.

11.   ALYTICAL CENTRIFUGATION: It is used to study of sedimentation characteristics of biological macromolecules and molecular structures. Analytical Centrifuge is Capable of speed approching70,00 rev min -1. Spins a rotor at an accurately controlled speed and temperature . It is used to conclude the purity, relative molecular mass and shape of material.

12. Operation Tubes recommended by their manufacturer should be used. Top of tube should not extend so far above the bucket. Cleanliness-minimizing the possible of infection. Speed of centrifuge should be checked once 3m. Centrifuge timer to be checked per week.

13. applications Centrifugation can be employed to separate a mixture of two different miscible liquids. Chalk can be separated from water with the help of a centrifuge. Another important application of this technique is in the stabilization and clarification of wine. In clinical laboratory, centrifugation is used to ; Remove cellular elements from blood to provide cell free plasma or serum for analysis. Remove chemically precipitated protein from an analytical specimen. Separate lipid components.

14. CONCLUSION The centrifugation is an instrument used in nearly every research lab across the globe. Centrifugation is the process by which a centrifuge is used to separate complex mixture. There is no force that pushes an object away from the center of its rotation. The reason the object moves in a circle is because it wants to continue to move in a straight line tangent to the circular path.

15. REFERENCE: Pollock.J.C . (1986).Centrifuge., Publisher:bantam doubleday dell publishing group inc., New delhi p-304 https://study.com/ademy/lesson/what-is-centrifugation-defination-process-uses.htm