cep-Intro-to-crim-lecture-chapter 4.pptx

Lecture for intro to crim

1. HOLY THREE OF CRIMINOLOGY Cesare Lombroso Enrico Ferri Raffaele Garofalo

2. Cesare Lombroso – considered as the father of modern criminology. Enrico Ferri – He believed that criminals should not be held morally responsible for their crimes because they did not choose to commit it but, rather, were driven to commit them by the conditions of their life. Raffaele Garofalo – He advocated, “moral anomalies”. According to his theory, natural crimes are found in all human societies, regardless of the views of the lawmakers, and no civilized society can afford to disregard them.

3. Somatotyping Theory Have you ever made a snap judgment based on how someone looked? William Sheldon thought body types could define personality. We know that we can’t judged people based on appearances, but some interesting observations on the subject were made by William Sheldon, and early American psychologist. He published somatotyping, a system of classifying people based on their body types. Sheldon used his observations to classify body types into three categories: ectomorph, endomorph and mesomorph.

4. Ectomorph The ectomorph, according to Sheldon, was a thin, introverted person with poor social skills. These character possess the ectomorph body type: Narrow hips, shoulders, face, chest Skinny arms and legs High forehead

5. Ectomorphs were thought to have the following personality characteristics: Socially awkward Self-conscious Introverted and private Artistic Thoughtful

6. Endomorph Now reverse your thinking. What personality jumps into your head when you think of Santa Claus? Do you naturally associate a jolly, fun personality with people who are rounder in physique? If so, you’re putting Sheldon’s body type theory into practice. Endomorph body type possesses the following physical characteristics: Pear-shaped or round with wide shoulders and hips High body fat in all areas, including arms and thighs Slim ankles and wrists

7. Sheldon thought endomorphic people has personalities that were: Outgoing Funny Loving Attention-seeking

8. Mesomorph The mesomorph is a square body with an active personality and considered a more desirable body and personality. They have the following characteristics: Broad shoulders and a narrow waist A trim or muscular body with a ‘strong’ feel Proportionate facial features

9. According to Sheldon’s theory they also had the following qualities: Outgoing Courageous Full of life Competitive Risk taker William Sheldon’s personality theory was created in 1942. He developed a theory of which are three basic body types, each associated with personality characteristics.

10. The idea of Somatotyping Theory was originated from the work of German Psychiatrist, Ernest Ketschmer , who distinguish hos three principal types of Physique. Asthenic - a thin, introverted person with poor social skills Athletic - is a square body with an active personality and considered a more desirable body and personality. Pyknic - Pear-shaped or round with wide shoulders and hips.

11. DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY Differential association is a theory developed by  Edwin Sutherland  proposing that through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal  behavior .

12. The principles of Sutherland's Theory of Differential Association key points: 1. Criminal behavior is learned and not inherited. 2. Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication. 3. Families and friends have the most influence on the learning process 4 . The principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups. 5 . When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes (a) techniques of committing the crime, which are sometimes very complicated, sometimes simple; (b) the specific direction of motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes.

13. 6. Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity. 7 . The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning. 8. Not everyone in the society agrees that the laws should be obeyed, some people define it unimportant.

14. CONTAINMENT THEORY This theory is advocated by Mr. Walter Reckless. This theory is a form of control, which suggests that a series of both internal and external factors contributes to criminal behavior. The containment theory assumes that for every individual there is exist a containing external structure and a protective internal structure, The example of external structures of an individual are poverty, unemployment and blocked opportunities while the internal structures refers to the person’s strong ego, good self image, high frustration tolerance and high sense of responsibility.

15. STRAIN THEORY Strain theory is a sociology and criminology theory developed in 1938 by  Robert K. Merton . The theory states that society puts pressure on individuals to achieve socially accepted goals, though they lack the means. This theory maintains that the failure of a man to achieve a higher status in life caused them to commit crimes in order for that status/goal to be attained, He argued that crime is ameans to achieve goals and the social structure is the root of the crime problem.

16. ANOMIE THEORY This theory was advocated by David Emile Durkheim It stated that crime is necessary; it serves a function in society. Crime is inevitable because a perfectly stable, uniform and able society is impossible. Durkheim indicated that the rules of how individuals interact with one another were disintegrating and therefore people were unable to determine how to act with one another. Durkheim's theory was based upon the idea that the lack of rules and clarity resulted in psychological status of worthlessness, frustration, lack of purpose, and despair. In addition, since there is no idea of what is considered desirable, to strive for anything would be futile.

17. Psychoanalytical Theory This theory was advocated by Mr. Sigmund Freud, The father of Psychoanalysis. This theory blames criminal or delinquent behavior to a conscience that is either overbearing that it arouses feelings of guilt, or so weak that it cannot control the individual’s impulses and leads to a need for immediate gratification. Freud believed that events in our childhood have a great influence on our adult lives, shaping our personality. For example, anxiety originating from traumatic experiences in a person's past is hidden from consciousness, and may cause problems during adulthood (in the form of neuroses). Freud saw the psyche structured into three parts (i.e., tripartite), the id, ego and superego, all developing at different stages in our lives.

18. ID The id is driven by the  pleasure principle , which strives for immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs. If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a state anxiety or tension. For example, an increase in hunger or thirst should produce an immediate attempt to eat or drink. It is the structure that is present during birth. The id is very important early in life because it ensures that an infant's needs are met. If the infant is hungry or uncomfortable, he or she will cry until the demands of the id are satisfied. Young infants are ruled entirely by the id, there is no reasoning with them when these needs demand satisfaction. Imagine trying to convince a baby to wait until lunchtime to eat their meal. The id requires immediate satisfaction, and because the other components of personality are not yet present, the infant will cry until these needs are fulfilled.

19. EGO The  ego  operates based on the  reality principle , which strives to satisfy the id's desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways. The reality principle weighs the costs and benefits of an action before deciding to act upon or abandon impulses. Freud compared the id to a horse and the ego to the horse's rider. The horse provides the power and motion, while the rider provides direction and guidance. Without its rider, the horse may simply wander wherever it wished and do whatever it pleased. The rider gives the horse directions and commands to get it to go where the rider wants it to go. Imagine that you are stuck in a long meeting at work. You find yourself growing increasingly hungry as the meeting drags on. While the id might compel you to jump up from your seat and rush to the break room for a snack, the ego guides you to sit quietly and wait for the meeting to end.

20. SUPEREGO The superego incorporates the values and morals of society which are learned from one's parents and others. It is similar to a conscience, which can punish the ego through causing feelings of guilt. It is the moral conscience.

21. HUMAN ECOLOGY THEORY This theory was advocated by Robert Ezra Park. It is maintained the interrelation of human to its environment.

22. Neutralization Theory It is advocated by Gresham Sykes. It maintains that an individual will obey or disobey the societal rules depending upon his or her ability to rationalize whether he is protected from hurt or destruction. People become law abiding if they feel that they are benefited by it and they violate if these laws are not favorable to them.

23. Differential Opportunity Theory It is advocated by Lloyd Ohlin. Th ere is opportunity for people to achieve through education, but many do not see it that way. Either they see educational means as unavailable, or as too remote. People want the chance to find a better situation, and sometimes it seems that society's approved means of success are untenable. That is the gist of  differential opportunity theory . It is the idea that people (usually teens) from low socioeconomic backgrounds, who have few opportunities for success, will use any means at their disposal to achieve success. 

24. Labeling Theory The advocator of these theory are Frank Tennenbaum, Edwin Lemert, Howard Becker. The labeling theory suggests that people are given labels based on how others view their tendencies or behavior. Labeling theory is generally uninter e sted in the cause of crime, and are mo r e interested in the reactions of crime. He first introduced the idea of ‘tagging’, he found that negative tag or label often contributed to further involvement in delinquent activities. This theory maintain that the original cause of crime cannot be known, no behavior is intrinsically criminal, and behavior becomes criminal if it is labeled as such.