Cereals and other Grain Crops Lecture 10.pdf

The importance of cereals and grains are covered in this.

1. CerealsandotherGrainCrops

2. Cereals Grains
Cereals are members of the grass family (Poaceae
or Gramineae family) that are grown for their grain.
Grains are the edible seeds of plants. We call a
grain-producing plant a grain crop.
Cereals only belong to Poaceae. Grains can be seeds of legumes or cereals.
For Example: Wheat, rice, barley, maize etc.For example: true cereals, chickpeas, mung beans
etc.

3. Introduction to Cereals
•AllofthetruecerealsbelongtoGramineae.
•Itiscommontorecognizemaize(corn),rice,andwheatasthemajorcereals.
•Barley,rye,andoatsarethebestknownoftheminorcereals.
•Thenameisgivenonthebasisoffactorssuchasglobalproductionandeconomic
significance
•Inadditiontothetruecerealsisanartificialgroupofplantscalledthefalse
cereals.Theyarecharacterizedbysmall,grain-likefruits.Sunflowerandchia
seedsetc.areperhapsthebestknownexamples.

4. •Cerealsareannuals,whichmeansthatwecanrelyongettingacropinarelatively
shorttime.
•Theyarealsoadaptableandefficientproducersoffood.
•Theyareverynutritious.Grainscanbeeasilyharvested,cleaned,andprocessed.
•Themostimportantpartofthecerealplantisitsfruit,theseed-likecaryopsis.
•Itcontainsasingleseedwhoseoutercoatisfusedtotheinnerwallofthefruit.
•Theouterlayerofthegrain(ovarywallandseedcoat)areoftencalledbran;the
embryowithinthegrainisthegerm.

5. Rice(Oryza sativa)
•Mostimportantsourceoffoodintheworldisrice.
•Morethan90percentoftheworld’sriceisgrowninAsia,principallyinChina.
•ItisaKharifCropi.e.sowninApril-June.
•Theharvestedricekernel,knownaspaddy,orrough,rice,isenclosedbythehull,orhusk.
•Millingusuallyremovesboththehullandbranlayersofthekernel,andacoatingof
glucoseandtalcissometimesappliedtogivethekernelaglossyfinish.
•Ricethatisprocessedtoremoveonlythehusks,calledbrownrice,containsabout8
percentprotein.
•Ricethatismilledtoremovethebranaswelliscalledwhitericeandis
greatlydiminishedinnutrients.

6. Rice Production in Pakistan
•Riceisanimportantandprofitablecrop
ofPakistan.
•Ithasavalueof3.1%intheagricultural
sector.
•MaximumCarbohydrateContentisin
rice73-82%.
•Ascomparetoothercountries,the
averageproductionofPakistanislow
(900kg/acre)ofRice.
•Thereasonsforsuchlowproductionare
weeds,diseases,andpest. Brown Rice vs White Rice
https://tribune.com.pk/

7. WHEAT (Triticum aestivum)
•Thisismostwidelycultivatedcropplantandalso
oneoftheoldest.
•WheatisnativetoWestAsia.
•WheatisaRabicrop,sowninOctoberand
November.
•TheCarbohydratecontentis65-74%.
•Theflourofwheatisusedforvariouspurposes.
Thestrawisusedasfodder.
•Wheatstrawcanbeusedinpaperproductionas
analternativetowoodpulp.Thishelpsreduce
deforestation.
https://www.tradefinanceglobal.com/grai
ns/wheat/

8. Wheat Production in Pakistan
•Wheatisthelargestgrowngraincrop
andmainstaplefoodinPakistan.
•Itcontributes13.1%totheagriculture.
•Pakistanstands7thamongthelargest
Wheatproducingcountriesofthe
world.
https://www.cropscience.bayer.com.pk

9. Maize(Zea mays)
•Itisthetallestamongthecerealsattaining
aheightof3-15ft.
•ItisnativetoCentralAmerica(newworld
crop).
•ItisaKharifcrop,sowninJune-July.
•Thecarbohydratecontentofmaizeis
66%.
•Maizeisthehighestyieldingcerealcropin
theworld.
•Itisthirdimportantcerealcropafter
WheatandRice.
https://www.agrifarming.in/maize-farming

10. Maize Production in Pakistan
•Maizeaccountsfor4.8%ofthetotalcroppedarea.
•ItisgrownalloverthecountrybutmajorareasareSahiwal,OkaraandFaisalabad
districts.
•Maizecropismainlygrownintwoseasonsi.e.springandautumn.
•SpringMaizecanbeplantedinthefirstweekofFebruarytofirstweekofMarchor
frommid-Decembertomid-MarchandautumnMaizecanbesowedfrommid-May
toAugust.

11. Barley(Hordeum vulgare), Jau
•Itranksnumberfourthintermsof
world-wideannualproduction.
•Alongwithwheat,itwasoneofthe
firstplantsthatwedomesticated.
•ItisaRabiCrop.
https://www.momswhothink.com/barley-vs-rice/

12. •Barleyisanimportantfoodsourcefor
Africancountries,whileitisprimarily
cultivatedforanimalfeedinPakistan.
•Carbohydratecontentis73-78%.
•Barleyiscommonlyusedinbreads,
soups,andhealthproducts,thoughit
isprimarilygrownasanimalfodder
andasasourceofmaltforalcoholic
beverages.
https://www.britannica.com/plant/barley-cereal

13. Rye(Secale cereal)
•Itsediblegrainthatischieflyusedtomake
ryebreadandryebeverages.Itishigh
incarbohydratesanddietaryfibreand
provides small quantities
ofprotein,potassium,andBvitamins.
•Ryeisalsousedaslivestockfeed,asa
pastureplant,andasagreenmanurecrop
thatisplowedundertoimprovethesoil.
•Ryecontainsglutenandistheonlycereal
otherthanwheatthathasthenecessary
qualitiestomakealoafofbread,thoughitis
inferiortowheatforthatpurposeandlacks
elasticity.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rye

14. Pseudocereals
•Pseudocereals are a group of plants that produce starch-rich seeds that can be
used in food applications similarly to cereal grains. The most widely known
representatives include buckwheat, amaranth, quinoa, etc.
•These pseudograins are considered "false cereals" because they are not members
of the Poaceae. Some common pseudograins include:
•Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa):Quinoa is perhaps the most well-known
pseudocereal. It is highly nutritious, rich in protein, fiber, vitamins, and minerals.
•Chia Seeds (Salvia hispanica):Chia seeds have gained popularity as a superfood
due to their high omega-3 fatty acid content, fiber, and protein.
•Amaranth (Amaranthusspp.):Amaranth is another highly nutritious
pseudocereal, known for its high protein content.

15. A.Quinoa
B.Chia seeds
C.Amaranthseeds
https://en.wikipedia.org/
A
C
B