cf6e01ba-8107-4a68-95c7-6bb27d502d3f.pptx

In this ppt we came to know about the importance of empathy. Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person. It involves recognizing emotions in others, seeing things from their perspective, and responding in a way that is sensitive to their needs. Empathy can be broken down into three main types:

1. **Cognitive Empathy**: This is the ability to understand someone else's thoughts and feelings. It involves seeing things from their point of view and grasping their mental state.

2. **Emotional (or Affective) Empathy**: This is the capacity to physically feel the emotions that another person is experiencing. When someone is sad, for instance, you might feel sadness too, even if you are not directly affected by the same situation.

3. **Compassionate Empathy (or Empathic Concern)**: This goes beyond understanding and feeling others' emotions to taking action to help them. It combines both cognitive and emotional empathy and motivates us to support others in distress. Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person. It involves recognizing emotions in others, seeing things from their perspective, and responding in a way that is sensitive to their needs. Empathy can be broken down into three main types:

1. **Cognitive Empathy**: This is the ability to understand someone else's thoughts and feelings. It involves seeing things from their point of view and grasping their mental state.

2. **Emotional (or Affective) Empathy**: This is the capacity to physically feel the emotions that another person is experiencing. When someone is sad, for instance, you might feel sadness too, even if you are not directly affected by the same situation.

3. **Compassionate Empathy (or Empathic Concern)**: This goes beyond understanding and feeling others' emotions to taking action to help them. It combines both cognitive and emotional empathy and motivates us to support others in distress. Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of another person. It involves recognizing emotions in others, seeing things from their perspective, and responding in a way that is sensitive to their needs. Empathy can be broken down into three main types:

1. **Cognitive Empathy**: This is the ability to understand someone else's thoughts and feelings. It involves seeing things from their point of view and grasping their mental state.

2. **Emotional (or Affective) Empathy**: This is the capacity to physically feel the emotions that another person is experiencing. When someone is sad, for instance, you might feel sadness too, even if you are not directly affected by the same situation.

3. **Compassionate Empathy (or Empathic Concern)**: This goes beyond understanding and feeling others' emotions to taking action to help them. It combines both cognitive and emotional empathy and motivates us to support others in distress. Empathy is very necessary character for a doctor to the patient. So a doctor needs to be .

1. AS |
f THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES
ot ADD AND TORAGO, WESTIN
à “Ori Las "A Light Ring fom the We”
>
.

The Role of Empath
Healthcare Professiona

PECH 1001: The Health Professional & Society
Dr. Farid F Youssef

2. 54

Remember...

« Professionalism is the basis of
medicine’s social contract with society

* Professionalism demands placing t
interests of patients above those of
physician, setting and maintaining
standards of competence and integri
and providing expert advice to sociély \
on matters of health

2

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— another!!! S14) |

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ressións O

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a = ogapa Y ai

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4. #2 E

Status: Look at this Picture

* What is happening? ,

« What are you feeling? y
* Are you have any motor responses?

5. ep Status: Look at these
, Pictures

* What do you think is happening?
« What are you feeling?

6. Empathy: What is it?

+ Empathy is the capacity to
recognize and experience
feelings that are being
experienced by another.

+ “Itis the intrapersonal
realization of another’s plight
that illuminates the potential
consequences of one's own
actions on the lives of
others.” (Hollingsworth,
2003)

“| know exactly how you feel."

7. Empathy: What is it?

“The essence of empathy is the ability to
stand in another's shoes, to feel what it's
like there and to care about making it better
if it hurts.”

— Szalavitz, M. & Perry, B.D. (2010). Born for love: Wh
empathy is essential & endangered. New York: var
Morrow, (p. 12)

8. Empathy: What is it?

« Empathy is part of a
wider capacity of humans
which can be defined as
emotional intelligence

+ the capacity to be aware
of, control, and express
one's emotions, and to
handle interpersonal
relationships judiciously
and empathetically.

+ Often considered a
predictor of success

9. NEUROBIOLOGY OF
EMPATHY

10. ARS

Neurobiology of Empathy

* Do babies show empathy ???

11. ee. Ny

Neurobiology of Empathy

12. Neurobiology of Empathy

+ The discovery of mirror neurons

13. * Subjects empathy for
the pain of others only
elicits activity in ACC,
not somatosensory
cortex.

ACC [-3, 24, 33]

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
scan time (seconds)

14. Primary somatosensory (Superior parietal abate interior parietal lobule WPL)

Primary motor cortex (M1) RTE E
mono resonar J ow beavency PT 30. 28
re coms TAS: 16. 17, 38.48, Ec sory evi Loe aguero (TS. 37 r

= rames de prete

Amen rescmance. A

unge pulse TS 28. 29, 31.22

Dorsotaterat pretrontat
cortex (GPO)

Low Weguency (TRIS 4, 48

Extrastriate body area (EBA)

Low home TIO 38

Ventromedian
cortex (mPFC)

Low requency Pat 44 Functions

Motor resonance

Sensory-aflective resonance

Ventral premotor cortex Tempore parietal junction
(rnc) es) Mentakzing
Ente cuna Tas 17. 21.22 Lom tecoency ras 45. 47

Sell-other distinction

15. Neurobiology of Empathy

* Co-operation

» Giving to charity
+ Fairness

* ALL activate the

reward centres of
the brain

+ AND there is some
evidence to
suggest that giving
produces more
enduring pleasure
than receiving.

16. $

TYPES OF EMPATHY

17. Types of Empathy

+ Cognitive

empathy
— The ability to
recognise the
emotions and

feelings of ns baer

oth ers Joking Happy

p,

18. Types of Empathy

+ Affective or

Emotional
ye
m GOL
— The ability to
experience the & > >
feelings of
others

Ss

19. ¢ Behavioural
Empathy
— Demonstrating
behaviours that
acknowledge
the emotional
state of others

20. + Moral Empathy

— The moral
responsibility to act
in accordance with
the other persons
emotional state
regardless of
personal feelings

— Considered highest
level of empathy

21. EMPATHY & HEALTH
PROFESSIONALISM

Vo

N
=
S

22. iii. reduced duration of the common

iv. greater patient satisfaction and

Empathy & the Health
Professions

Empathy impacts on clinical
outcome in patients. Empathy Scores of Physician Participants (n= 242) and
reduced metabolic complications Disease Complications in Their Diabetic Patients

in a study of over 20000 diabetic ME0880 Roem ae iy
patients (Del Canalee et al, CE
2012) 7

Burd

linked to better glycaemic control
(Hojat et al, 201 1}

cold (Rakel et al, 2009)

empowerment. (Kim, Kaplowitz
& Johnston, 2004)

23. Empathy & the Health
Professions

* Empathy impacts on
clinical outcome in
patients.

iv. greater patient
satisfaction and
empowerment. (Kim,
Kaplowitz & Johnston,
2004)

v. Empathy reduces patients
perceptions to pain,
(Sarinpoulous, 2012)

24. But what we are taught in
school is akin to:
Alexithymia...

+ “When it comes to patients, think
with your head, not with your
heart.”

» “Be objective when dealing with
patients and do not let your own
emotions interfere in the patient-
doctor relationship.”

« “Keep your own emotions at bay
lest you become too involved...”

25. apes, Empathy & Health

3
m

Empirical data
suggests
empathy
scores decline
during training.

Professional Training

26. Empathy & Health
Professional Training

Doctors show decreased
neuronal responses to painful
stimuli in patients and increased
activity in prefrontal cortex

Theory suggests mental
processing recruits resources
away from emotional areas to
allows doctors to focus
However new data now shows

doctors do not even appear to
perceive the pain response. 2

CONTROLS PHYSICIANS

27. & Why Empathy Erosion

« Response to
Authority

¢ The infamous
Miligram
Experiment, 1963

28. Dehumanization is the
denial of a distinctively
human mind to another
person (two facets
experience and agency)
Used to justify slavery
and other crimes against
humanity

Involved in the
objectification of women

29. & Dehumanization in Medicine

— Patients stripped

of their

uniqueness A
(stories,

personality, WARNING

culture) in service Objectivity Ahead
to “objectivity”

=i.

30. How does the world work?
(Ontology)

2. What is the relationship
between the knower and
what is known?
(Epistemology)

3 What role do values play

in understanding the world?

4 Are causal linkages
possible?

5 What is the possibility of
generalization?

Objective

There is only one reality. By

carefully dividing and studying

its parts, the whole can be
understood, (Realism)

The knower can stand outside

of what is to be known. True
objectivity is possible.
(Positivism)

Values can be suspended in
order to understand,

One event comes before
another and can be said to
cause that event.

Explanations from one time
and place can be generalized
to other times and places.

Subjective

There are mulitple realities,
being socio-psychological
constructions forming an
interconnected whale.
(Nominalism)

The knower and the known
are inter-dependent.

Values mediate and shape
what is understood,

Events shape each other.
There are multidirectional
relationships.

Only tentative explanations for

‘one time and place are
possible.

31. — Deindividuation”—
doctors as a sea of
white coats;
patients as half-
naked bodies in
smocks, identified
by their disease or
procedure (“the
gallbladder in
Room 38”)

32. — Mechanization

— Breaking the body
into organs and
systems for
training, diagnosis
and treatment

33. — Moral
disengagement:
some actions
require inflecting
suffering

D — THIS RÉALLE IS
! GOING To HURT ME
| m

MORE
HURTS You!

34. Dehumanization in Medicine

— Impaired patient — Dissimilarity
agency — the patient is ill; the
— medical staffs’ patient is labelled with
treatment of patients as the illness; the power
incapable of planning dynamic

their own care, which is
both infantilizing and
demoralizing.

35. AS |
f THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES
ot ADD AND TORAGO, WESTIN
à “Ori Las "A Light Ring fom the We”
>
.

The Role of Empath
Healthcare Professiona

PECH 1001: The Health Professional & Society
Dr. Farid F Youssef