ch-8 Data collection and method and types.pptx

WHAT IS DATA??
• Data the plural of datum
• Facts express in numerical terms.
• Information that is systematically collected in the course of the study.
• Consists of discrete observations or events.
TYPES OF DATA
SOURCES FOR COLLECTION OF DATA
1. Census
2. Registration of vital events.
3. Sample Registration System (SRS)
4. Notification of Diseases
5. Hospital Records
6. Epidemiological Surveillance
7. Surveys
8. Research Findings
POINTS TO BE REMEMBER WHILE COLLECTING THE DATA.
• Record should be correct, complete, clear, and sufficient.
• Units of measurement must be clearly mentioned.
• The data should be presented in simple form to enable the reader to form quick impression.
• Data should be accurate and valid.
• Data should be precise and reliable.
• The raw data should be arranged in such a way that it will arouse interest in a reader.

5 ‘W’ OF DATA COLLECTION
1. WHAT ---- Data to be collect
2. WHOM---- From whom these are to be collect.
3. WHERE ---- Data to be collect
4. WHO ----- Will collect them
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
Experimental Method
1. Lab. Experiments
2. Simulation
3. Field experiments
Non experimental Method
1. Field Study
2. Sample Survey
3. Case Study
TOOLS OF DATA COLLECTION
(INSTRUMENTS)
 Observation
 Measurements
 Questionnaires and interview

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TOOLS
1. Validity
2. Reliability
3. Sensitivity and Appropriateness
4.objectivity
5. Economy
6. Practicability
7. Interest
QUESTIONNAIR & INTERVIEW
• Questionnaire is a series of questions prepared by the researcher, that are answered and filled in by all respondents.
• When the questionnaire introduced orally it called interview
Types- closed ended items & open ended items
• Other technique of Questionnaire are opinionnaire or attitude Scale

TECHNIQUE OF QUESTIONNAIRE & INTERVIEW
• Paper and pencil technique (Structured question)
• Administer personally, by mail, by e -mail or SMS
• Interview technique involves the Face to Face interview or by electronic media e.g. Phone, teleconferences etc.
• Administer other technique e.g. Likert types of Scale for attitude measurement & Other many scale.
• (Strongly agree, Agree, Undecided, Disagree, and Strongly Disagree)

OBSERVATION
Observation is one of old & basic tool for gather data.
Its used when researcher intends to observe a natural phenomenon in a systematic way.

TYPES OF OBSERVATION
1. No concealment & Participant Observer
2. No concealment &Non Participant (No Screen) Observer
3. Concealment & Participant
4. Concealment & Non participant (Behind Screen) Observer
OBSERVATION TECHNIQUE
• Researcher creates an observation guide which can be structured or un structured.
• It may be direct observation or indirect observation
• Indirect technique there may be introduce by One way mirror, motion picture, or video-tape.
• Observation should be free from bias of cultural background and personal interpretation.

Measurement means where the standardized instruments are used

1. INTRODUCTION:

2. DEFINITION: data: the pieces of information obtained in a study. data collection: identification of subjects and precise, systematic gathering of information relevant to the research purpose or the specific objectives, questions, or hypotheses of a study.  

3. CONCEPT OF DATA COLLECTION Data are the observable and measurable facts that provide information about phenomenon understudy For example , when physical growth of infant is the phenomenon under study, the data to measure about physical growth would be the body weight, height, chest, and head circumferences.

4. Cont… The question that need to be answered are: What are the indicators? How will they be measured or recorded? What is analysis planned? The five ‘ Wh ’ of data collection are: What data is to be collected? From whom data is to be collected? Who will collect data? From where the data will be collected? When is the data to be collected?

5. KEY DIMENTION OF DATA COLLECTION METHODS: Structure Quantifiability Obtrusiveness. Objectivity.

6. NEED OF THE DATA COLLECTION some example of any research study are: the types of the patient admitted in hospital or attended for OPD in hospital. the items of drugs and medical supplies required for the hospital management. the quantity of each material required for a unit of output in hospital. the sex, age, social class, religion, income level of respondents in a health care recipient behavior study.

7. Cont… the opinions of eligible couple on birth control devices (family planning survey) the capital expenditure proposals considered by a nursing college during a year the marks obtained by student of B.Sc. nursing students in a test on a particular subject (performances of student) the opinion of people on voting in a general election (opinion roll) the types of news read by newspaper readers (readership survey )

8. SELECTION OF METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION: the nature of the study of the subject matter : t he unit of enquiry: the size & spread of the sample: scale of the survey: the educational level of respondent: the type & depth of information to be collected: the availability of skilled and trained manpower: the rate of accuracy and representative nature of the data required:

9. EVALUATION OF DATA COLECTION METHODS: The Efficiency i.e . the speed & cost of data collection data quality & adequacy i.e . response, rate, accuracy & objectivity naturalness of setting Anonymity interviewer supervision control of context & question order ability to use visual aids potential for controlling variable dependence on respondent reading & question order ability to use visual aids potential for controlling variable dependence on respondent's reading &writing ability.

10. ELEMENTS OF DATA COLLECTION: Data description Existing data Format Metadata Storage and backup Security Responsibility Intellectual property rights Access and sharing Audience

11. Cont… Selection and retention periods Archiving and preservation Ethics and privacy Budget Data organization Quality Assurance Legal requirements

12. QUALITY CRITERIA: Accuracy   Efficiency Effectiveness Feasibility and timeliness Relevance Security Utility

13. PURPOSE Clarify your data collection goals: Develop operational definitions and procedures: Validate the measurement system: Begin data collection: Continue improving measurement system and ensure people are following the data collection guidelines:

14. The eight principles processed fairly and legally; processed for limited purposes and in an appropriate way; relevant and sufficient for the purpose; accurate; kept for as long as is necessary and no longer; processed in line with individuals' rights; secure, and only transferred to other countries that have suitable data protection controls The following explains these principles in more detail:

15. DATA SOURCES: DOCUMENTARY SOURCES Primary sources : Secondary sources: 2)FIELD SOURCES 3)HISTORICAL SOURCES:

16. ADVANTAGES OF QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS: Provides depth and detail  : Creates openness:   Simulates people's individual experiences : Attempts to avoid pre- judgements :  

17. DISADVANTAGES OF QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS: Usually fewer people studied:   Less easy to generalise :   Difficult to make systematic comparisons:   Dependent on skills of the researcher: