Ch02-Scentific Investigation.pptxbusiness

Business

1. Research Methodology Chapter -2 Scientific Investigation S.Thowfeek Ahamed Senior Lecturer Hardy- Advanced Technological Institute (SLIATE) Ampara

2. Chapter 2 Scientific Investigation Slide 2- 2

3. Hallmarks of Scientific Research: Hallmarks or main distinguishing characteristics of scientific research: Purposiveness Rigor Testability Replicability Precision and Confidence Objectivity Generalizability Parsimony Slide 2- 3

4. Hallmarks of the Scientific Research Purposiveness- clear purpose Rigor - based on a theoretical background Testability - ability to develop hypotheses Replicability - same result in similar settings Precision and Confidence – how close the findings to reality ( confidence Intervals , confidence levels) Objectivity - Conclusions are based on facts and findings Generalizability - applicability its population Parsimony - simplicity in explanation, application

5. Two Broarder categories Quantitative Research : Variables in this research could be measured numerically or contains data that could be usefully be quantified. Qualitative research : variables of this research deals with qualitative data or non numeric data which have not been quantified.

6. Quantitative vs Qualitative Quantitative To confirm hypothesis about a phenomena Rigid instrument Use structured methods of data collection Questionnaire, experiments, Numerical data for analysis Study design is subjected statistical assumptions Qualitative To explore a phenomena in question Flexible instruments Use semi structured methods of data collection Interview, discussions, observations Text, audio, video Study design is changeable according to steps

7. Mix methods Both qualitative and quantitative data are used to find a solution when one source of data alone cannot answer the problem. Data collection and analysis one after another or parallel Most of the business research follow this approach

8. Triangulation Triangulation is a technique that is also often associated with mix methods Triangulation. Use of different sources of data for one to be confident with a result. Several kind of triangulation Method triangulation: use of multiple methods of data collection and analysis

9. Data triangulation

10. Deductive Vs Inductive Research/ reasoning : Reasoning is the action of constructing thoughts into a valid argument. Deductive reasoning Deductive reasoning uses general principles to create a specific conclusion. Deductive reasoning is also known as 'top-down reasoning' because it goes from general and works its way down more specific. Inductive reasoning Inductive reasoning is also referred to as 'cause and effect reasoning' or 'bottom-up reasoning' . This is usually derived from specific instances to develop a general conclusion .

11. Deductive Vs Inductive Research Deduction Induction

12. Research Philosophy A research philosophy is a belief about the way in which data about a phenomenon should be gathered, analyzed and used. Ontology: The researchers view about the nature of reality. it deals with the nature of reality or truth. What is there ? Epistemology: a way of understanding and explaining how we know. ‘How do you know it

13. Philosophical paradigms/Eras Realism: Pragmatism Positivism Interpretivism

14. Positivism : is the name for the scientific study of the social world. In positivism, laws are to be tested against collected data systematically. Objectively, counting and measuring Interpretivism: Interpretivism (social science), an approach to social science that opposes the positivism of natural science. Qualitative research, a method of inquiry in social science and related disciplines. Subjectively, deeper understanding qualitatively.

15. Thinking on your research

16. Deduction and Induction Deductive reasoning : application of a general theory to a specific case. Hypothesis testing Inductive reasoning : a process where we observe specific phenomena and on this basis arrive at general conclusions. Counting white swans Both inductive and deductive processes are often used in research. Slide 2- 18

17. Alternative Approaches to What Makes Good Research Positivism Post- Positivism/Interpretivism The middle ground: Critical realism Pragmatism Slide 2- 19

18. Positivism Scientific research is the way to get to the truth Rigor and replicability, reliability, and generalizability We use often Quantitative Methodology to investigate truth Key approach: experiment Slide 2- 20

19. Constructionism The world as we know it is fundamentally mental Accordingly, there are multiple truths in the world. Aim to understand the rules people use to make sense of the world Research methods are often qualitative in nature Slide 2- 21

20. Critical Realism There is an external reality but we cannot always objectively measure this external reality The critical realist is critical of our ability to understand the world with certainty Slide 2- 22

21. Pragmatism Do not take a particular position on what makes good research Research on both objective and subjective phenomena can produce useful knowledge Relationship between theory and practice Purpose of theory is to inform practice Slide 2- 23

22. Social Method Social science research/management works to answer many of the questions we have about human behavior. Through scientific study, social science research seeks to understand the how and whys of human behavior. Social science researcher use the 6 steps to handle his problems using the scientific approach. But results will not be exact and error free due to the nature of data and related characteristics Most of the data are from subjective area like, feelings, emotions, attitudes and perceptions. Hence measurements are not as precise as data from biology or engineering Characters are Abstract and not concrete

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24. The philosophical position Positivism Interpretivism Ontology : what is the nature of reality ? Reality is objective and singular, apart from the researcher Reality is subjective and multiple as seen by the participants Epistemology : What is valid knowledge? Researcher is independent from that being researched Researcher interacts with that being researched Axiology : Role of values Value free and un-biased Value-laden and biased RESEARCH STRATERGY Cross-sectional studies Experimental studies Longitudinal studies Surveys Etc.. Action research Case studies Ethnography Grounded Theory Hermeneutics, etc

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28. Research Design

29. Qualitative and Quantitative Research

30. Hypothetico-deductive Research The Seven-Step Process in the Hypothetico-Deductive Method Identify a broad problem area Define the problem statement Develop hypotheses Determine measures Data collection Data analysis Interpretation of data Slide 2- 34

31. The Research Process Research Idea Data Analysis Answering the empirical research question Theoretical interpretation of the results Theoretical Formulation of the research Problem Comparison with earlier(research) Literature Review Conclusions Data Collection Research Design (planning) Empirical research questions (operationalization)