Chandrayaan 2

Chandrayaan 2 mission details. The rocket and it's payloads are explained. Pictures taken by the orbiter are also listed. It also talks about the different experiments that were supposed to be carried by the rover. The reason for the mission failure and future isro projects like Chandrayaan 3 are discussed.

1. CHANDRAYAAN 2 By : Deekshitha S

2. Chandrayaan-2 mission is a highly complex mission, which represents a significant technological leap compared to the previous missions of ISRO. It comprised an Orbiter, Lander and Rover to explore the unexplored South Pole of the Moon. The mission was designed to expand the lunar scientific knowledge through detailed study of topography, seismography, mineral identification and distribution, surface chemical composition, thermo-physical characteristics of top soil and composition of the tenuous lunar atmosphere, leading to a new understanding of the origin and evolution of the Moon. Preview

3. Why the south pole ? The lunar south pole is of special interest to scientists because of the occurrence of water ice in permanently shadowed areas around it. The lunar south pole region features craters that are unique in that the near-constant sunlight does not reach their interior. Such craters are cold traps that contain a fossil record of hydrogen, water ice, and other volatiles dating from the early Solar System . In contrast, the lunar north pole region exhibits a much lower quantity of similarly sheltered craters.

4. PAYLOADS ORBITER VIKRAM PRAGYAN Chandrayaan-2 is a follow-on mission to the Chandrayaan-1, comprising an orbiter, Lander ( Vikram ) and Rover (Pragyaan). Unlike, Chandrayaan-1, this second lunar mission will attempt to soft land Vikram on the lunar surface and deploy a six-wheeled Rover (Pragyaan), which will carry out scientific experiments on the moon. The lift-off mass of Chandrayaan-2 is said to be 3,850 kg.

5. Terrain Mapping Camera 2 (TMC-2) Chandrayaan-2 large area soft X-ray Spectrometer Solar X-Ray monitor Orbiter high resolution camera Imaging IR Spectrometer Dual Frequency Synthetic Aperture RADAR Chandrayaan-2 Atmospheric Compositional Explorer-2 Dual Frequency Radio Science Experiment POWER: 1 kW (1.3 hp) MASS: 682 kg (1,504 lb) Mission duration: ~ 7 years Elapsed: 5 months, 8 days Orbiter

6. ORBITER PAYLOADS TMC 2 is a miniature version of the Terrain Mapping Camera used onboard the Chandrayaan 1 mission. Its primary objective is mapping the lunar surface. Chandrayaan-2 large area soft X-ray Spectrometer ( CLASS )measures the Moon's X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectra to examine the presence of major elements such as Magnesium, Aluminium, Silicon, Calcium, Titanium, Iron, and Sodium. XSM observes the X-rays emitted by the Sun and its corona, measures the intensity of solar radiation in these rays, and supports CLASS. OHRC provides high-resolution images of the landing site IIRS has two primary objectives: -Global mineralogical -Complete characterisation of water/hydroxyl feature Dual Frequency Synthetic Aperture RADAR -High-resolution lunar mapping in the polar regions -Quantitative estimation of water-ice in the polar regions CHACE 2 is capable of scanning the lunar neutral exosphere DFRS is to study the temporal evolution of electron density in the Lunar ionosphere.

7. Radio anatomy of moon bound hypersensitive ionosphere and atmosphere Chandra’s surface Thermo-physical experiment Instrument for Lunar Seismic Activity POWER : 650 W MASS: 1,471 kg (3,243 lb) Mission duration: ≤ 14 days (planned) Achieved: 0 days (landing failure) Vikram

8. VIKRAM PAYLOADS Radio anatomy of moon bound hypersensitive ionosphere and atmosphere Its primary objective is to measure factors such as: -Ambient electron density/temperature near the lunar surface -Temporal evolution of lunar plasma ChaSTE measures the vertical temperature gradient and thermal conductivity of the lunar surface ILSA is a triple axis, MEMS-based seismometer that can detect minute ground displacement, velocity, or acceleration caused by lunar quakes

9. Alpha Particle X-Ray Spectrometer LASER Induced Breakdown Spectro-scope POWER: 50 W MASS: 27 kg (60 lb) Mission duration: ≤ 14 days (planned) Achieved: 0 days (landing failure) Pragyan

10. PRAGYAN PAYLOADS APXS can detect all major rock-forming elements such as Sodium, Magnesium, Aluminium, Silica, Calcium, Titanium, Iron, and some trace elements such as Strontium, Yttrium and Zirconium. LIBS' prime objective is to identify and determine the abundance of elements near the landing site.

11. CHACE2 XSM CLASS APXS ILSA MEMS sensor package LIBS Laser retroreflector array (LRA) ChaSTE

12. This three-stage vehicle is India's most powerful launcher to date, and is capable of launching 4-ton class of satellites to the Geosynchronous Transfer Orbit (GTO). Components : S200 Solid Rocket Boosters , L110 Liquid Stage , C25 Upper Stage The mission has an allocated cost of ₹ 978 crores which includes ₹ 600 crores for space segment and ₹ 375 crores as launch costs on GSLV Mark III GSLV Mark III

13. DR. K SIVAN - ISRO Chairman Ritu Karidhal – Mission Director Muthayya Vanitha – Project Director K. Kalpana – Associate Project Director G. Narayanan – Associate Project Director G. Nagesh – Project Director (former) Chandrakanta Kumar – Deputy Project Director (Radio frequency systems) Amitabh Singh – Deputy Project Director (Optical Payload Data Processing, SAC) Scientists Involved in the Mission

14. July 22, 2019 - India successfully launches Chandrayaan 2 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota July 24, 2019 - First orbit raising manoeuvre performed successfully August 14, 2019 - Chandrayaan-2 leaves earth's orbit August 20, 2019 - Chandrayaan 2 successfully enters orbit around Moon August 22, 2019 - ISRO releases first Moon image captured by Chandrayaan-2 September 4, 2019 - Chandrayaan-2's second de-orbiting maneuver executed September 7, 2019: Chandrayaan 2's Vikram Rover starts its descent. ISRO loses communication during fine braking phase Timeline

15. The Orbiter has already been placed in its intended orbit around the Moon and shall enrich our understanding of the moon’s evolution and mapping of the minerals and water molecules in the Polar Regions, using its eight state-of-the-art scientific instruments. The Orbiter camera is the highest resolution camera (0.3m) in any lunar mission so far and shall provide high resolution images which will be immensely useful to the global scientific community. The precise launch and mission management has ensured a long life of almost 7 years instead of the planned one year. Outcomes

16. The Vikram Lander followed the planned descent trajectory from its orbit of 35 km to just below 2 km above the surface. During the second phase of descent, the reduction in velocity was more than the designed value. Due to this deviation, the initial conditions at the start of the fine braking phase were beyond the designed parameters. As a result, Vikram hard landed within 500 m of the designated landing site. Where did we go wrong ?

17. NASA’S APOLLO LANDING SITES

18. Pictures taken by the orbiter

19. Chandrayaan-3 will be mission repeat of Chandrayaan-2 and will only include a lander and a rover similar to that of Chandrayaan-2 and will not have an orbiter. In second the phase of the Chandrayaan programme to demonstrate soft landing on lunar surface, ISRO launched Chandrayaan-2 onboard a GSLV Mark III rocket consisting of an orbiter, a lander and a rover. The lander was scheduled to touchdown the lunar surface in September to deploy the rover Pragyan . Chandrayaan 3

20. Pericynthion altitude 100 km (62 mi) Apocynthion altitude 100 km (62 mi) Moon Orbital parameters

21. ISRO-CHANDRAYAAN 2 (3D Animation)

22. THANK YOU