Chapter 1 - Climate Change | Carbon Capture and Storage Chemistry.pptx

Introduction to the lecture, climate change as part of the carbon capture and storage chemistry course

1. Carbon Capture & Storage Chemistry Dr. Triyanda Gunawan, S.Si.

2. Chapter 1 – Climate Change Understanding the science behind mitigating Global Boiling

3. Key topics : Climate Change : History, Causes, and Effects The Role of Chemistry in Carbon Capture & Storage

4. Climate Change vs Global Warming

5. What is climate change? Definition : long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns This can be natural, due to changes in the sun’s activity or large volcanic eruptions Or Anthropogenic (affected by huma act)

6. Natural causes Mount eruption : Volcanic eruptions pump out clouds of dust and ash, which block out some sunlight. Mount Pinatubo Eruption, Philipines (1991) affects the global temperature drop of 0.5°C temporarily (1991-1993) Volcanic eruptions - The main effect volcanoes have on the climate is short-term cooling. Volcanic eruptions pump out clouds of dust and ash, which block out some sunlight. Ocean currents - The oceans are a major component of the climate system. They can move water horizontally and vertically and occur on both local and global scales. The ocean has an interconnected current, or circulation, system powered by wind, tides, the Earth’s rotation (Coriolis effect), the sun (solar energy), and water density differences. Fig 1. Volcanic eruption mechanism in altering the climate Fig 2. Ocean Current affect the climate on earth

7. Natural Causes Earth orbital changes - Shifts and wobbles in the Earth’s orbit can trigger changes in climate such as the beginning and end of ice ages. Changes in the tilt of the earth can lead to small but climatically important changes in the strength of the seasons, more tilt means warmer summers and colder winters; less tilt means cooler summers and milder winters. Solar variations - The Sun is the source of energy for the Earth’s climate system. Although the Sun’s energy output appears constant from an everyday point of view, small changes over an extended period of time can lead to climate changes. Internal variability - Some changes in climate have no external trigger. These changes are instead caused by interactions within the climate system itself, often involving positive feedbacks. One example is the El Niño–La Niña cycle, which can cause temporary warming and cooling.

8. What is Global Warming? The increase in average surface temperature of earth, ocean and atmosphere. Mainly due to human activity It is normal, but..

9. History of Climate Change Awareness Key Milestones: 1824:  Fourier describes the greenhouse effect. 1958:  Keeling Curve tracks rising CO₂ levels. 1988:  IPCC established. 2015:  Paris Agreement signed. Pre- Industrial Era: Relatively stable climate with natural variability. Industrial Revolution: Rapid growth in fossil fuel use; marked increase in CO₂ emissions. Keeling Curve: Continuous measurements since 1958 show a clear upward trend in atmospheric CO₂ levels.

10. Causes of Climate Change Natural Causes: Volcanic eruptions, solar cycles. Human Activities (Anthropogenic): Burning fossil fuels (CO₂). Deforestation (reduced CO₂ absorption). Agriculture (methane from livestock). Industrial processes (nitrous oxide, fluorinated gases). Agriculture (livestock emissions, fertilizer use) These activities increase greenhouse gases, intensifying the greenhouse effect.

11. Understanding the Greenhouse Effect Mechanism: Solar energy passes through the atmosphere. Earth’s surface absorbs energy and re-radiates it as infrared heat. Greenhouse gases absorb and re-emit infrared radiation, warming the atmosphere. Feedbacks: Water vapor feedback Ice-albedo feedback Cloud effects

12. Effects on the Environment Key Impacts: Rising sea levels (thermal expansion, ice melt). Extreme weather (hurricanes, droughts). Ocean acidification (CO₂ dissolving in seawater). Biodiversity loss (habitat destruction). Global Warming: Rising average temperatures.

13. The Carbon Cycle and Climate Feedbacks Carbon Sinks : Oceans and terrestrial ecosystems absorb a significant portion of CO₂. Limitations : Saturation of sinks reduces future absorption capacity. Feedback Mechanisms : Reduced plant growth due to heat/drought Increased CO₂ release from warming soils

14. Why Carbon Capture & Storage (CCS)? The Problem:  Fossil fuels still provide ~80% of global energy. The Solution:  CCS traps CO₂ emissions before they enter the atmosphere. Challenge: Current emissions continue to push CO₂ levels to historically unprecedented levels. Role of CCS: Capture CO₂ at large point sources before it reaches the atmosphere. Transport and store CO₂ in geological formations. Goal: Help achieve net-zero emissions and mitigate further climate change. Transition Note: Understanding climate change sets the stage for exploring CCS chemistry and its potential solutions.

15. CCS Process Overview Capture:  Separate CO₂ from industrial emissions. Transport:  Move CO₂ via pipelines/ships. Storage:  Inject CO₂ into underground geological formations.

16. Summary & Discussion Recap: Climate change is driven by human-induced greenhouse gas emissions. The history of rising CO₂, especially since the Industrial Revolution, highlights our changing climate. Environmental impacts are wide-ranging—from melting ice to ocean acidification. Questions to Ponder: What are the most significant drivers of climate change in your view? How do the environmental effects of climate change impact human society? In what ways can CCS contribute to addressing these challenges?

17. Chemistry of CO₂ Capture Methods: Post-combustion:  Absorb CO₂ using solvents (e.g., amines). Pre-combustion:   Gasify fuel to separate CO₂ before burning. Oxy-fuel combustion:  Burn fuel in pure oxygen for easier capture. Chemical Reaction Example: Amine absorption: CO 2 +2RNH 2 →RNH 3 + + RNHCOO−CO 2 ​+2RNH 2 ​→RNH 3 + ​+RNHCOO −