Chapter # 1_Introduction (Env. science _ Agroecology).pptx

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1. ECO 201 Environmental Science and Agro-Ecology Credit hours 2 (2+0) Full Marks 50 (theory 50)

2. Objectives Upon the completion of this course, the student will know the concepts of environmental science and agro-ecology; apply different methods of EIA; and understand climate change and its impact in the agro-ecosystems.

3. Syllabus Environmental Science : introduction, environmental issues, environmental impacts on agriculture, environmental impact assessment and monitoring, environmental conservation and management strategies, urbanization, global warming, climate change, causes and effects on agriculture.

4. Syllabus Agro ecology : introduction, factors, agricultural ecosystems , dynamics of agricultural ecosystems, population ecology, interactions of crops with pests, dynamics of pest population, management strategies, genetic resistance in crops, ecology of production system, sustainability of production systems.

5. • Introduction to environmental science and agroecology – Concepts, fields, and scope of environmental science and agroecology with particular reference to Nepal – Interrelationships between human population and the environment Chapter 1

6. Environmental Science: Introduction

7. Nature’s Survival Strategies Follow Three Principles of Sustainability Reliance on solar energy The sun provides warmth and fuels photosynthesis Biodiversity Astounding variety and adaptability of natural systems and species Chemical cycling Circulation of chemicals from the environment to organisms and then back to the environment Also called nutrient cycling

8. Humans exist within the environment Humans exist within the environment and are part of nature. Our survival depends on a healthy, functioning planet. We are part of the natural world . Our interactions with its other parts matter a great deal. This idea is fundamental to environmental science

9. Humans and the world around us Humans depend completely on the environment for survival. Enriched and longer lives, increased wealth, health, mobility, leisure time But natural systems have been degraded Pollution, erosion, and species extinction Environmental changes threaten long-term health and survival. Environmental science is the study of: How the natural world works How the environment affects humans and vice versa

10. Introduction Environment External conditions that affect living organisms Ecology Study of relationships between living organisms and their environment Environmental Science (ES) how nature works. how the environment effects us. how we effect the environment. how we can live more sustainably without degrading our life-support system .

11. What is Environmental Science? (1) how the earth works How do the four spheres of our planet function naturally to maintain a balance? atmosphere biosphere lithosphere hydrosphere (2) how we interact with the earth How do we upset the natural balance? We use resources We produce waste (3) how to deal with environmental problems To reduce or eliminate our unbalancing effect: Decision making Problem solving

12. Objectives and principle of environmental studies • UNESCO in 1971 a) Creating the awareness about environmental problems among people. (b) Imparting basic knowledge about the environment and its allied problems. (c) Developing an attitude of concern for the environment. (d) Motivating public to participate in environment protection and environment improvement. (e) Acquiring skills to help the concerned individuals in identifying and solving environmental problems. (f) Striving to attain harmony with Nature .

13. Environment vs ES The environment is the biotic (living things) and abiotic (nonliving things) factors that surround us that have an influence in their survival, development and evolution. Environmental science is a multidisciplinary academic field that integrates physical, biological and information sciences to the study of the environment, and the solution of environmental problems. It provides an integrated, quantitative and  interdisciplinary  approach to the study of environmental systems. Applied goal: Developing solutions to environmental problems.

14. Environment: the total of our surroundings All the things around us with which we interact: Biotic vs. Abiotic Living things Animals, plants, forests, fungi, etc. Nonliving things Continents, oceans, clouds, soil, rocks Our built environment Buildings, human-created living centers Social relationships and institutions Study of all those and interaction with humans is ES

15. Environmental science is not Environmentalism Environmental science The pursuit of knowledge about the natural world Scientists try to remain objective Environmentalism A social movement dedicated to protecting the natural world Siwalik conservation movement The scientific understanding of the effects of sand stone crusher at Siwalik region Or River mining

16. Branches of ES There is no defined branches of ES; however almost all academic study of ES depend on the core science of the following study. Biology : conservation biology, environmental biology, wildlife, etc Chemistry : environmental chemistry, pollution Ecology: environmental science, Geology : Environmental geology; soil and environment, Botany : forest and environment; biodiversity; etc

17. Branches of ES However, two groups can be seen “Green”, and “Brown” The ‘ Green ” refers to Natural Resources – land, water, soil, forestry, wildlife The “ Brown ” refers to pollution of the environment.

18. Importance of ES The world is becoming more crowded, more consuming, and more connected . Growing populations and higher standards of living put increasing pressure on our environment . Environmental problems are just as real , just as controversial, and just as in need of intelligent solutions . The natural world is complex and human activity can have unexpected consequence s that are hard to reverse. The study of how physical and biological processes maintain life, and how humans affect nature, requires a broad interdisciplinary perspective.

19. Scope of ES Environmental issues have international importance Development (such as urbanization, agriculture, industry etc) give birth of environmental problems Increase in pollutions Need for an alternative solutions Need to save humanity Need for wise planning and development Need for pubic awareness

20. What is Ecology?

21. Origin of the word…”ecology” • Greek origin • OIKOS = household • LOGOS = study of… • Study of the “house/environment” in which we live.

22. Ecology is study of interactions between • non-living components in the environment … – light – water – wind – nutrients in soil – heat – solar radiation – atmosphere, etc. AND…

23. • Living organisms… – Plants – Animals – microorganisms in soil, etc.

24. Divisions • Autoecology is the ecological study of individual species of plant and its environment or is the ecological study of individual animal or plant species or its population thought its life history in relation to the habitat in which it grows. • Synecology is the ecological study of community of plants in the environment.

25. Applied ecology is used in • Agriculture and horticulture • Forestry and forest management • Rangeland management • Management of aquatic bodies • Soil conservation • Landscaping • Plant indicators

26. • Agroecology is the science of sustainable agriculture; the methods of agroecology have as their goal achieving sustainability of agricultural systems balanced in all spheres. • Self-sufficient and sustaining agriculture • Basic ecological principles for how to study, design and manage agroecosystems that are both productive and natural resource conserving, and that are also culturally sensitive, socially just and economically viable

27. Difference between manipulated Agroecology and Natural Ecology Six ways difference : • Maintenance at an early succession state • Monoculture • Crops generally planted in rows • Simplification of biodiversity • Plough which exposes soil to erosion • Use of genetically modified organisms and artificially selected crops

28. Approaches of agroecology 1. Ecosystem agroecology ⮚ Crop interacts with weed, pest, animals and diseases ⮚ No social science involved.

29. 2. Agronomic agroecology ⮚ also traditional agriculture involved. ⮚ Social science not actively involved but uses to explore the cause why ag.unsustainable. ⮚ fertilizers, seed materials, tillage, mulching, soil management and irrigation). 3. Ecological political economy ⮚ Driving force. ⮚ Radical change in political economy or moral economy. ⮚ Politically charged and socially oriented version 4. Agro-population ecology ⮚ Based on population ecology. ⮚ Prespective of population dynamics.

30. 5. Holon agroecology ⮚ agricultural endeavor as an unfinished accomplishment ⮚ adjusting itself to its many contexts and their conflicts. ⮚ "holding together" in order to persist through change 6. Inclusive agroecology ⮚ basis for sciences the land-use ⮚ humans are the primary governing force for organisms

31. 7. .Integrated assessment of multifunctional agricultural systems ⮚ focuses in the multifunctionality ⮚ three land-use sciences, agriculture , forestry , and agroforestry ⮚ the land-use sciences further subdivide

32. A History through the Ages Human-Environment Interaction

33. FOOD CLOTHING SHELTER LIVELIHOOD RECREATION HUMAN ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION

34. Interrelationships between human and natural environment: Traditional

35. Interrelationships between human and natural environment: Present

36. Thank You