Chapter-1 (introduction to Biochemistry).ppt.pptx

Introduction to Biochemistry
Unit I D. Pharmacy 2nd Year

1. Introduction to Biochemistry Ms. Jasmeen Kaur M.Pharmacy (Pharmaceutics) Assistant Professor Global Research Institute of Pharmacy, Radaur

2. What is Biochemistry? Biochemistry is the study of the structure and function of biological molecules (such as protein, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids). It forms a bridge between biology and chemistry by studying how complex reactions and chemical structures give rise to life and life’s processes. The human body is made up of few elements which combine to form different variety of molecules, known as biomolecules . The composition of these biomolecules mainly consists of C,O,H,N,P and S. 2

3. The four main classes of molecules in biochemistry (often called biomolecules ) are – Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Many biological molecules are polymers : in this terminology, monomers are relatively small micromolecules that are linked together to create large macromolecules known as Polymers . 3

4. 4 Fig. 1.1 : Structure of human body with percentage of different elements.

5. These biochemicals are responsible for the synthesis of building blocks of the cell called micromolecules (sugars, amino acids, purine-pyrimidines and fats) which further synthesize macromolecules (starch, glycogen, protein, nucleic acids and fatty acids). Fig. 1.2 : Fundamental micromolecules and their derived macromolecules 5 Building blocks of the cell Larger units of the cell SUGARS FATTY ACIDS AMINO ACIDS NUCLEOTIDES POLYSACCHARIDES FATS AND LIPIDS PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS

6. Characteristics of Biomolecules Most of them are organic compounds. Functional group determines their chemical properties. Most biomolecules are asymmetric. 6

7. Scope of Biochemistry in Pharmacy The study of biochemistry is of immense importance in our daily life since it helps us develop and improve clinical diagnosis, treatment of disease. Biochemistry plays an essential role in medicine, pharmacy, Agriculture Nutrition and Engineering. Pharmacy is the field which studies the techniques of preparation of drugs and provides additional clinical services. 7

8. Pharmaceutics is the discipline that studies the effective use of new chemical entities of old drugs into a medication. Various drugs are related to the biochemistry and metabolism of human health and diseases which is studied by the branch called Pharmaceutical Biochemistry . Pharmaceutical biochemistry studies the clinical uses of drugs and their effects on living organisms. 8

9. Importance of Biochemistry Biochemistry can help in increasing crop productivity. It is necessary to understand the actions of various genes as well as their interaction with enzymes. It is useful in determining the nutritional requirement of animals. It helps in the discovery of new drugs in the pharmaceutical industry. It explains how to use medications properly. 9

10. Application of Biochemistry Increase fertility Increase growth of plants Disease control Animal husbandry 10 Blood test Liver test Pregnancy test Kidney test In Agriculture In Medicine

11. Branches of Biochemistry 11

12. Enzymology studies the behavior of enzymes and the biological catalysts. Immunology studies the reaction of organisms to the other organisms such as bacteria and viruses. Molecular biology studies the processes that take place in living organisms from a molecular point. Metabolism studies the various type of metabolic pathway at cellular level andorganic context. Cell Biology – The study of cell biology deals with the properties of biochemical composition structures organelles function and their interaction with the environment and life cycle. 12

13. Cell Structure and Functions A cell is a mass of cytoplasm that is bound externally by a cell membrane. Usually microscopic in size, cells are the smallest structural units of living matter and compose all living things. 13

14. Constituents Different substances that make a cell are collectively called Protoplasm. Protoplasm is composed of : 1. Water 2. Carbohydrates 3. Lipids 4. Proteins 5. Electrolyte Major structure present in a cell are : Cell membrane Cytoplasm and its organelles Nucleus 14

15. Cell Membrane Thin pliable elastic outer most structure which envelops the cell. It consists of bilipid layer with embedded proteins. It allows some materials to pass into and out the cell at thousands of places across the surface. It allows foods to pass into the cell and waste to pass out of the cell Cytoplasm Thick-gel like semi transparent fluid. The constituents of cytoplasm are cytosol, cell organelles and cytoplasmic inclusions. 15

16. Cytosol The aqueous part of the cytoplasm outside all of the organelles, also contains its own distinctive proteins. Organelles Mitochondria are called the ‘Powerhouse of the cell’ Endoplasmic Reticulum- smooth and rough tubes that move and store materials made by the cell. Lysosomes - where digestion of cell nutrients takes place. Golgi complex- collects, packages and distributes molecules made in the cell. Peroxisomes- vesicle that contains enzymes that carry out particular reactions, such as detoxifying potentially harmful molecules. Vacuole - storage area for fats and other substances. 16

17. Nucleus Nucleus contains chromatin, RNAs, and nuclear proteins more freely in aqueous solution. Nuclear has an internal structure that organizes the genetic material and localizes nuclear functions. Nucleus serves both as the repository of genetic information and as the cell’s control centre . DNA synthesis and repair . 17

18. Thank you!!!