Chapter 1 - Introduction to PIL Dr.Halida.pdf

lecture on chapter 1 PIL

1. NATURE OF PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL
LAW
NurhalidaMohamed Khalil
Faculty of Law, University of Malaya

2. Definition of Public International Law (PIL)
•
A system of rules and principles that regulate conduct of states and international
organizations.
•
Also certain conduct of individuals, but only to very limited extent
•
“ThevariousdevelopmentssincethetwoWorldWarsnolongercountenancethe
viewthat,asamatterofpositivelaw,Statesaretheonlysubjectsofinternational
law.Inproportionastherealizationofthefactsgainsground,therebeanin
increasingdispositiontotreatindividuals,withinalimitedsphere,assubjectsof
internationallaw’’–H.Lauterpacht

3. PIL and the Centrality of the State
•
Thestateaslegalperson
•
Statesasprimarysubjectsofinternationallaw
•
Historically,statesonlysubjectsofinternationallaw
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TreatyofWestphalia1648
•
InternationalorganizationsnowimportantsubjectsofPIL
•
Individuals:internationalhumanrightslawandinternationalcriminallaw
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Corporationsenjoyingstandingpursuanttotreaty
•
ProliferationofsubjectsofPIL

4. PIL and the Centrality of the State
•
Thestateasterritorially-boundedsovereignty:
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notionofstateterritory
•
cujusregioejusreligio
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PILregulatingcertainaspectsofstate’sconductwithinitsterritory
•
state’sexercisingsupremeauthoritywithinitsterritory

5. PIL and the Centrality of the State
•
TheSovereignEqualityofStates:
•
nopowerinherentlysupremeoverit
•
parinparemnonhabetimperium
•
anothercentralorganizingconceptofinternationallegalorder

6. International Law and the Domestic Analogy
•
Institutionsoflegalsystemofmodernliberalstateininternational
system?
•
Otherfeaturesofinternationallegalsystems,e.g.suigeneris
•
Mechanismsanalogoustomechanismsofmodernliberalstate

7. International Law: Compliance and Enforcement
•
Complexissueofstates’compliancewithinternationallawandthe
settlementofinter-statedisputeisacomplexissue
•
Directlyrelatedtoconceptofstatesovereignty

8. International Law: Compliance and Enforcement
•
Isinternationallawworking?
•
Howareinternationalruleslaiddowninthefirstplace?
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UndeniableproblemsofcompliancewithandenforcementofPIL

9. International Law: Compliance and Enforcement
•
WhydostatesobeyIL?
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stabilityandpredictabilityintheirrelationswithotherStates
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ensureotherStates’compliancewiththeirobligations
•
itisineveryState’sintereststoabidebytheruleoflaw
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theneedtoprotectcommonanduniversalhumanvalues

10. Enforcement of PIL
•
Article39andChapterVIIofUNC
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Militaryactionoreconomicsanctions
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The‘coldwar’andtheimpositionofsanctions
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ThevetopowerbythefivepermanentmembersoftheSC
•
‘NewWorldOrder’
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Abreachofthepeace,threattothepeaceoractofaggression

11. Loss of Legal Rights and Privileges
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Violation resulting in loss of corresponding legal rights and privileges
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Termination of diplomatic relations, restriction of economic aid or
cancellation of supply agreements
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A state’s unlawful action causing the community at large to impose
penalties
•
Methods of enforcement causing embarrassment and hardship to the
delinquent state

12. Judicial Enforcement
•
Anysettlementofthedisputebyathirdpartyonthebasisofagreement
•
Variousproceduresforthesettlementofdisputesbyjudicialmeans
•
TheInternationalCourtofJustice(ICJ)asprincipaljudicialorganoftheUN
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ICJ’sawardisbindingonthepartiesandmustbecarriedout
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Growthofspecializedjudicialinstitutions

13. Peaceful Settlement of Disputes
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Article33UnitedNationsCharter:
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negotiation,enquiry,mediation,conciliation,arbitration,judicialsettlement,
resorttoregionalagenciesorarrangements,or“otherpeacefulmeansof
theirownchoice

14. The Binding Authority of International Law
•
Statefreetoassumelimitationonsovereignty,thisbeing
expressionofsovereignty:‘TheSSWimbledon’

15. Scope of IL
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The rules and principles of international law are increasingly important to the functioning of our
interdependent world and include areas such as:
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telecommunications, postal services and transportation (such as carriage of goods and passengers)
•
international economic law (including trade, intellectual property and foreign investment)
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international crimes and extradition
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human rights and refugee protection
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the use of armed force by States and non-State actors
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counter-terrorism regulation
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nuclear technology
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protection of the environment
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use of the sea, outer space and Antarctica