Chapter 1 one class note-Introduction.ppt

best biochemistry class note for any one that needs this subject for their knowldgecal development
this biochemistry ppt helps more to understand biochemical skills of students.
biochemists teach this course for biology and chemistry students to addressed a good knowldege for their knoldgecal quality.

1. Chapter 1:
INTRODUCTION

2. Definition
Biochemistry is the study of the composition,
properties & interactions of chemicals in living
things.
 The term Biochemistry was coined by a German
chemist Carl Neuberg (in 1903 )
 Biochemistry has its origin from large areas of science
-such as Chemistry, Biology and other sciences

3. The Objective & Scope of Biochemistry
 Main objective of biochemistry is molecular level understanding

of all chemical processes in living systems
 Living things require millions of chemical reactions within the
body to survive (i.e grow, maintain, reproduce, use and store energy)
The sum total all the chemical reactions occurring in the body is called
metabolism
This demands such k/ge & skills as :-
-Understanding organisms' cells along with their structures, organization and various
interactions
-Understanding structures and interactions of various macromolecules present in
living organisms
- Isolation of numerous molecules found in cells
- Determination of the structure of these molecules
- Analysis of how they function

4. The Objective & Scope of Biochemistry
Biochemistry has connection with vast area of sciences

5. Cellular foundations of biochemistry
 Physiological processes (growth, development,
disease etc.)
- requires cellular and molecular lever
understanding of the living system
Cells
 Cells are the microscopic units of all living things
 They are functional part of all living matter
 Generally vary in size, shape , composition and function

6. Cellular foundations of biochemistry
Cell size
Plant cells (10 to 100 µm in diameter)
Animal cells (5 to 30µm in diameter)
Bacteria (1 - 2 µm in dia. mycoplasmas =300 nm )

7. Cellular foundations of biochemistry
Cell shape

8. Cellular foundations of biochemistry
Cellular organization
 Cell Membrane (plasma membrane)
Are lipid bilayers embedded or attached with
protein (have role in transport, recognition,
adhesion, e-transfer as channels & receptor

Role
-Keeps the cytoplasm from leaking out
-Physical boundary of the cell to control movement of materials into and
out of the cell ( i.e selectively permeable )
- Proteins have role in transport, recognition, adhesion & e-transfer as channels

9. Cellular foundations of biochemistry
Cellular organization
 Cytoplasm
Gel-like material within the cell membrane
Consists of water (80% -90%), salts, enzymes, proteins, other organic
molecules & nutrients and organelles
Role
-Mechanical: maintain the shape and consistency of the cell
Serves as a "molecular soup" to suspended organelles
-Resorvior for chemical substances required for life/metabolic
reactions such as glycolysis and protein synthesis

10. Cellular foundations of biochemistry
Cellular organization
 Organelles
Are bodies embedded in the cytoplasm
 Each have different composition, size and
specific functions vital to keep our cells alive
 Serve to physically separate the various
metabolic activities that occur within cells

11. Structure of Animal Cells

12. Cell Organelles
•Nucleus
–Location of main genome
–Site of DNA /RNA synthesis
–Composed of
•A nuclear envelope
•Chromatin and DNA
•Nucleolus
•Mitochondria
–Double membrane organelle
–Possess mitochondrial (maternal) DNA
– “Power House” of the cell
•Food converted into energy
–Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
•Consumes Oxygen, produces CO
2

13. •Endoplasmic Reticulum
Continuous membrane through out the cell
Site where cell membrane and exported material is
made
Two sites
•Rough ER:-make protiens
•Smooth ER:- make lipids
•Golgi Apparatus
Series of flattened sacs
Involved in
-Receives and modifies proteins
-Directs new materials
•Lysosomes
Membrane bound sacs containing
hydrolytic enzymes
Role
•Intracellular digestion
•Releases nutrients
•Breakdown of waste
Cell Organelles

14. •Peroxisomes
–Sacs where H
2
O
2
is generated and degraded
•Vessicles
–Menbrane bound sacs
–Are different types (Membrane, ER, Golgi derived )
–Role
•Material transport
Cell Organelles
• Cytoskeleton
- Filamentous matter (actin and microtubules)
-Role
- Movement of organelles and cell
- Structure/strengthen cell

15.  Four major class of macromolecules (carbohydrates
protein, lipids, nucleic acids ) compose life
Chemical foundations of biochemistry

16. Elements in Living Organisms
Chemical foundations of biochemistry
– About 30 elements constitute the living matter.
» Six elements: O, C, H, N, P & S
- Account for >97% of weight of most organisms
-Capable of forming strong covalent bonds & serve
as backbone of biomolecules
» Ca, K, Fe, Cl, I, Na, Mg, Cu, Mn & others
-Constitute only ≈ 3 % of the body weight
-Are essential to life
-As electrolyte to keep hemostasis
-As enzyme cofactors

17. Pink= Major elements; purple= essential elements; dark blue= more common
(Trace) and light blue= less common (ultra trce) elements
Periodic Table of the Elements
Chemical foundations of biochemistry

18. Chemical foundations of biochemistry
Many organic molecules (e.g Macromolecules , vitamins) are associated
with cells
 Are large molecules created by joining many smaller organic
molecules called monomers (residues)
-by condensation reactions
Have a M. masses of the order of a million or larger
 Constitute all matter in all living organisms
Can be grouped in to four groups:
- Proteins
- Lipids
- Nucleic acids
- Carbohydrates
Macromolecules

19. Common organic functional groups and linkages
Chemical foundations of biochemistry
 Specific parts of molecules (atoms or groups of atoms) attached to the carbon backbone
They are mostly involved in biochemical reactions and contribute much to their chemical
properties and diversity
Functional groups

20.  Some basic aspects of the chemical and biochemical reactions are
summarized as follows.

Chemical Reactions Biochemical Reactions
-Takes place in test tubes, beakers & flasks -Takes place in a living cell in a restricted
in larger volumes area (cytosol/organelles)
-Generally occur at variable temperature -Takes place at the constant
-The rate of the reaction can be controlled by - pH is constant, generally about 7.3
changing the pH
-Are facilitated by chemical agents called - Are catalyzed by enzymes
catalysts ( e.g metals)

Chemical foundations of biochemistry

21. Medicine & Nutrition:- understanding and maintenance of health,
understanding and effective treatment of diseases
Pathology:- Study of disease such as inflammation, cell injury, and cancer
Immunology:-to design immune modulating agents
Pharmacy:- Drug metabolism, design of new and effective drugs
Environmental Sciences & Toxicology:- See effect of
pollutants, harmful chemicals and Poisons on living organisms
Agriculture:-Proper use of herbicides, pesticides, transgenic crops
Various industries-e.g fermentation, food, textile, leather etc.
Application of Biochemistry to Other Fields of Science

22. Activity
1.Describe the levels of organization in living system
2.Describe the system of classification in living things
3. Discus aspects that distinguish
 Plant and animal cells
 Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells