CHAPTER-1-THE-EARTH-IN-FOCUS-NEW.pptx.ppt

chapter 1 of subject climate change and disaster risk management

1. CHAPTER 1 THE EARTH IN FOCUS

2. What is Climate? -Climate is the result of average atmospheric conditions in a certain region over a long period of time. -The climate of a region or city is its weather, averaged over many years, decades or centuries.

3. In terms of climate, what are the 3 recognized seasons in the country? Tag- init or Tag- araw -( the hot season or summer from March to May), Tag- ulan -( the rainy season from June to November), and Taglamig -( the cold season from December to February).

4. What is Monsoon? Monsoon is from the Arabic word, “ mawsim ” which means season. Monsoon is  a seasonal change in the direction of the prevailing, or strongest, winds of a region. 

5. 1. Habagat (Southwest Monsoon) Habagat or the summer monsoon weather is characterized by a strong, generally west or southwest breeze that is responsible for bringing significant rainfall to the Asian subcontinent and to South and East Asia.

6. 2. Amihan (Northeast Monsoon) Amihan or the winter monsoon weather features a generally less strong, east or northeast breeze that is cool and dry (compared to the summer monsoon weather) with prolonged periods of successive cloudless days.

7. Extreme climate events: EL NI Ñ O a climate pattern that describes the unusual warming of surface waters in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean . El Nino is the “warm phase” of a larger phenomenon called the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). 2. LA NI ÑA I s a climate pattern that describes the cooling of surface ocean waters along the tropical west coast of South America. La Nina is considered to be the counterpart to El Nino, which is characterized by unusually warm ocean temperatures in the equatorial region of the Pacific Ocean. 

8. What is Weather? -Weather is a result of the atmospheric conditions at a certain place over a short period of time. -It is the short-term changes (in minutes, in hours, in days, in a week) we see in temperature, clouds, precipitation, humidity, atmospheric pressure, and wind in a region, a town or a city.

9. What is Climate Change? Climate change refers to any significant change in measures of climate, such as temperature, rainfall, winds, lasting for an extended period.

10. What causes climate change? The main causes of climate change are:  Humanity’s increased use of fossil fuels   Deforestation   Increasingly intensive agriculture  

11. What are the things that make up our weather and climate? The weather and climate of a place are composed of sunshine, rain, cloud cover, winds, hail, snow, sleet, rains, flooding, blizzards, ice storms, thunderstorms, excessive heat, heat waves, and more. Of these, however, the major elements are:

12. Temperature is how hot or cold the atmosphere is, how many degrees it is above or below freezing point. Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air. Precipitation is the product of a rapid condensation process (if this process is slow, it only causes cloudy skies).

13. Atmospheric pressure (or air pressure) is the weight of air resting on the earth's surface. Wind is the movement of air masses, especially on the earth's surface.

14. What is climate variability? •Climate varies over seasons and years instead of day to-day like weather.

15. CLIMATE SYSTEM is an interactive system consisting of five major components: the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, the cryosphere, the land surface and the biosphere, forced or influenced by various external forcing mechanisms, the most important of which is the Sun.

16. COMPONENTS OF CLIMATE SYSTEM ATMOSPHERE The atmosphere is the most unstable and rapidly changing part of the system. Its composition, which has changed with the evolution of the Earth, is of central importance to the problem assessed 2. HYDROSPHERE contains all the liquid water on Earth, with most of it contained in the world's oceans .

17. 3. CRYOSPHERE The cryosphere, including the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica, continental glaciers and snow fields, sea ice and permafrost, derives its importance to the climate system from its high reflectivity for solar radiation, its low thermal conductivity, its large thermal inertia and, especially, its critical role in driving deep ocean water circulation . 4. BIOSPHERE The biosphere is made up of the parts of Earth where life exists. The biosphere extends from the deepest root systems of trees to the dark environment of ocean trenches, to lush rain forests and high mountaintops.

18. 5. LITHOSPHERE The lithosphere is known as the terrestrial component of the biosphere . The part that does not sustain any life, and therefore, not a part of the biosphere, is its lower mantle and core. 

19. GREENHOUSE GASES AND THEIR SOuRCES GREENHOUSE GAS   g reenhouse gas  ( GHG  or  GhG ) is a  gas  that  absorbs  and  emits   radiant energy  within the  thermal infrared  range, causing the  greenhouse effect .

20. WATER VAPOR Water vapor is the most potent of the greenhouse gases in Earth’s atmosphere, and it’s sort of a unique player among the greenhouse gases.  2. CARBON DIOXIDE These sources are balanced, on average, by a set of physical, chemical, or biological processes, called "sinks," that tend to remove CO 2  from the atmosphere.  3. METHANE is the second most important greenhouse gas. It is more potent than CO 2 , but exists in far lower concentrations in the atmosphere.

21. 4. NITROUS OXIDE Nitrous oxide occurs naturally in Earth’s atmosphere as part of the nitrogen cycle . In addition, nitrous oxide molecules in the atmosphere have long life spans – about 120 years before they are removed in a “sink” or destroyed as a result of chemical reactions.  5. FLUORINATED GASES F luorinated gases are emitted in smaller quantities than the other greenhouse gases, but what they lack in volume they can make up in potency and long lifespans in the atmosphere

22. Where Do Greenhouse Gases Come From? Electricity and Heat Production The burning of coal, oil, and natural gas to produce electricity and heat accounts for  one-quarter  of worldwide human-driven emissions, making it the largest single source . Agriculture and Land Use Changes About  another quarter  of global greenhouse gas emissions stem from  agriculture and other land-use activities  (such as deforestation). In the United States,  agricultural activities —primarily the raising of livestock and crops for food—accounted for  8.4 percent  of greenhouse gas emissions in 2017. 

23. Industry About  one-fifth  of global human-driven emissions come from the industrial sector, which includes the manufacturing of goods and raw materials (like cement and steel), food processing, and construction . Transportation The burning of petroleum-based fuels, namely gasoline and diesel, to power the world’s transportation systems accounts for  14 percent  of global greenhouse gas emissions . Buildings Operating buildings around the world generates  6.4 percent  of global greenhouse gases. In the United States, homes and businesses accounted for about  11 percent  of warming emissions.  

24. GLOBAL WARMING -refers to climate change , the mainly human-caused rise of the average temperature of the Earth's climate system . -is an aspect of climate change, referring to the long-term rise of the planet's temperatures. It is caused by  increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere , mainly from human activities

25. GREENHOUSE EFFECT Greenhouse effect is an important part of the Earth’s climate without which the planet would be a far colder place. The effect is natural and not new.  ENHANCED GREENHOUSE EFFECT Enhanced greenhouse effect, sometimes referred to as  climate change  or  global warming , is the impact on the climate from the additional heat retained due to the increased amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that humans have released into the earths atmosphere since the industrial revolution.

26. Physical science of climate change Here are our seven humanitarian insights derived from this latest IPCC report . No More “Maybe”. It’s a fact, it’s us, and it’s bad. The IPCC says: “It is unequivocal that human influence has warmed the atmosphere, ocean and land. Widespread and rapid changes in the atmosphere, ocean, cryosphere and biosphere have occurred

27. 2. .The unprecedented is the new normal The IPCC says: “The scale of recent changes across the climate system as a whole and the present state of many aspects of the climate system are unprecedented over many centuries to many thousands of years.” In other words, the past is no longer a useful guide for the present: in this new normal, we should expect what we have never experienced before .

28. 3 . Impacts are already being felt everywhere The IPCC says: “Human-induced climate change is already affecting many weather and climate extremes in every region across the globe . 4. It will get worse The IPCC says: “Global surface temperature will continue to increase until at least the mid-century under all emissions scenarios considered.”

29. 5 . Abrupt and irreversible changes cannot be ruled out The IPCC says: “Low-likelihood outcomes, such as ice sheet collapse, abrupt ocean circulation changes, some compound extreme events and warming substantially larger than the assessed very likely range of future warming cannot be ruled out.” 6. Many different bad things will likely go wrong at once The IPCC says: “With further global warming, every region is projected to increasingly experience concurrent and multiple changes in climatic impact-drivers.”

30. 7 . Now what? We can and must get ready for our changing climate The IPCC document released by the IPCC Working Group I in August 2021 focuses exclusively on “The Physical Science Basis” of climate change. In other words, the scientists looked and reported only on the What, without explicitly addressing implications. In this brief document we have started to give a humanitarian interpretation of what these physical changes mean for us.

31. GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIO Global warming is the rise of temperatures throughout the Earth. Some examples of global warming include: ...  Extreme weather , such as increasingly destructive hurricanes, droughts, floods, and wildfires, are linked to climate change. The rate at which sea levels are rising throughout the world is increasing . LOCAL CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIO Some places will warm much more than others, some regions will receive more rainfall, while others are exposed to more frequent droughts. Regional changes in temperature and precipitation are having impacts on people and ecosystems.

32.   We don’t inherit the earth from our ancestors, we borrow it from our Future human kind. _ Native  American proverb

33. Thank your for listening!!!!!!