Chapter_10_Modal_Auxiliaries.pptx lesson

Grade 9 English lesson.

1. Modal Auxiliaries INTO Mason

2. Modal Auxiliaries Form of Modals. Never add an –s ending to a modal auxiliary. Modals do not change form to show number or person.

3. Modal Auxiliaries Examples: I can swim He can swim. They can swim.

4. Modal Auxiliaries Always use the base form of the main verb or auxiliary ( be or have ) after a modal auxiliary, whether present or past, active or passive.

5. Modal Auxiliaries Examples: We must leave now. The letters should have been mailed last week.

6. Modal Auxiliaries What about the following? Alice should has gone to the party. They must have had a lot of fun. My professor can speaks three languages.

7. Modal Auxiliaries What about the following? Alice should have has gone to the party. They must have had a lot of fun.  My professor can speak s three languages.

8. Modal Auxiliaries Note: Never insert the word “ to ” between a modal auxiliary and the following verb or auxiliary. Examples: She can to sing well. I must to finish my essay.

9. Modal Auxiliaries Modal auxiliaries are used with the negative “ not ”, which always follows the modal even when there are other auxiliaries ( be or have ) present.

10. Modal Auxiliaries Examples: We must not leave now. The letters should not have been mailed last week.

11. Modal Auxiliaries Note: In conversation and in informal writing, some modals are often abbreviated. cannot = can’t will not = won’t would not = wouldn’t should not = shouldn’t

12. Modal Auxiliaries Modals Expressing Ability

13. Modals Expressing Ability Use “ can ” to express a physical ability or skill and cannot / can’t to express a lack of ability or skill.

14. Modals Expressing Ability Examples: Sophie can speak French. They can’t swim very well.

15. Modals Expressing Ability Use “ could ” to express a past ability and could not / couldn’t to express a lack of ability.

16. Modals Expressing Ability Examples: When they were little, they could also speak Arabic.

17. Modals Expressing Ability Examples: The baby couldn’t reach the cookie jar.

18. Modals Expressing Ability The use of ( could have + past participle ) refers to a past situation in which the ability for something to happen existed, but the opposite happened.

19. Modals Expressing Ability Examples: He could have won . ( but he didn’t ; he lost ).

20. Modals Expressing Ability Examples: “I could have died ” , the squirrel said.

21. Modals Expressing Ability Examples: “I could have died ” , the squirrel said. ( The squirrel is still alive  ).

22. Modals Expressing Ability Consider: Jack couldn’t walk to school. Jack could have walked to school.

23. Modals Expressing Ability Consider: Jack couldn’t walk to school. Jack could have walked to school. Is there a difference?

24. Modals Expressing Ability Consider: Jack couldn’t walk to school. ( he didn’t have the ability - broken leg perhaps )

25. Modals Expressing Ability Consider: Jack could have walked to school. ( it was possible, but he didn’t – perhaps lazy ).

26. Modal Auxiliaries Modals Expressing Degrees of Possibility

27. Modals Expressing Degrees of Possibility To express varying degrees of possibility, several different modal verbs are used. unlikely cannot highly likely must may/might/ could should

28. Modals Expressing Degrees of Possibility To express impossibility or near impossibility, use can’t / cannot .

29. Modals Expressing Degrees of Possibility Examples: The data are wrong, so the results can’t be correct.

30. Modals Expressing Degrees of Possibility Examples: Humans can't survive without oxygen.

31. Modals Expressing Degrees of Possibility To express low possibility, use may / may not ; might / might not ; or could / could not .

32. Modals Expressing Degrees of Possibility Examples: Although the researchers have had problems with the experiment, results may ( might / could ) be available by the end of the year.

33. Modals Expressing Degrees of Possibility Note: There is a difference between “ may be ” and “ maybe ”. “ May be ” is a modal auxiliary + base form of “ be ”. Examples: There may be a storm. He may be working now.

34. Modals Expressing Degrees of Possibility Note: “ Maybe ” is an adverb meaning “ perhaps ”. Examples: Maybe profits will increase. He could maybe take over the whole company.

35. Modals Expressing Degrees of Possibility To express moderate possibility, use should / should not .

36. Modals Expressing Degrees of Possibility Examples: They are coping with the problems, so results should be available by the end of next month.

37. Modals Expressing Degrees of Possibility To express a high degree of possibility or probability, use must .

38. Modals Expressing Degrees of Possibility Examples: The researchers fixed all the problems a while ago, so results must be available now.

39. Modals Expressing Degrees of Possibility To express certainty, use will / won’t . With human subjects, will / won’t also indicates intention.

40. Modals Expressing Degrees of Possibility Examples: The researchers have analyzed the data, so the results will be available tomorrow. The publishers will make the results available tomorrow.

41. Modals Expressing Degrees of Possibility In a past context, use would . They knew the results would be available soon.

42. Modals Expressing Degrees of Possibility To express degrees of possibility about past time, use couldn’t , may , might , could , should , or must , all followed by ( have + past participle .

43. Modals Expressing Degrees of Possibility To express varying degrees of possibility, several different modal verbs are used. unlikely c ouldn’t have highly likely m ust have may/might/ could have should have

44. Modals Expressing Degrees of Possibility Examples: They couldn’t have publish ed the results yet. He must have publish ed his research by now.

45. Modal Auxiliaries Modals Expressing Advisability

46. Modals Expressing Advisability To express whether something is a good idea or not, use should or should not / shouldn’t .

47. Modals Expressing Advisability Examples: Job hunters should send in a resume. People with fair skin shouldn’t stay out in the sun for too long.

48. Modals Expressing Advisability To express an advisable action that didn’t occur in the past, use ( should have + past participle ).

49. Modals Expressing Advisability Examples: We should have sent some flowers. ( we didn’t send flowers ). Reema should have gone to bed earlier. ( she didn’t go to bed early ).

50. Modals Expressing Advisability To express a past action that was not advisable, use ( should not have + past participle ).

51. Modals Expressing Advisability Examples: We shouldn’t have spoken so rudely to the principle. ( but we did ) She shouldn’t have bought that jacket. ( but she did )

52. Modals Expressing Advisability Note: In speech, should have is often reduced to should’ve . We should’ve sent some flowers.

53. Modal Auxiliaries Modals Expressing Necessity and Lack of Necessity

54. Modals Expressing Necessity and Lack of Necessity To express necessity, use must or the more frequently used phrasal alternatives has / have to .

55. Modals Expressing Necessity and Lack of Necessity Examples: They must hand in the report at the end of the month. They have to hand in the report at the end of the month.

56. Modals Expressing Necessity and Lack of Necessity To express lack of necessity, use the phrasal alternative do / does / did not have to .

57. Modals Expressing Necessity and Lack of Necessity Examples: The essay doesn’t have to be long. They didn’t have to take the test until later.

58. Modals Expressing Necessity and Lack of Necessity Note: The negative form “ must not ” expresses a prohibition, not a lack of necessity. You must not use ink to mark your answers on the form.

59. Modals Expressing Necessity and Lack of Necessity To express a necessity in the past, use had to . For example: Last month, they had to prepare for the oral examination.

60. Modal Auxiliaries Phrasal alternatives to Modal Auxiliaries

61. Phrasal alternatives to Modal Auxiliaries Meaning Modal auxiliary Phrasal alternative Example certainty / intention will be going to She is going to look for a new job. ability can be able to He was not able to finish the report. advisability should had better, ought to We had better arrive on time. The ought to work harder.

62. Phrasal alternatives to Modal Auxiliaries Meaning Modal auxiliary Phrasal alternative Example necessity must have to, have got to, be supposed to A researcher has to cite all sources. past necessity - had to He had to get a new passport last year. lack of necessity - do not have to Teachers do not have to work in the summer.